PH of Human Blood and Our Receptors, Chemoreceptors and Pain Receptors in Child Birth

Understanding our pH in our body systems may be the key to keeping good health. This may be important starting at conception to birth. A pH scale, in the draft stages, is provided, below, in red title . You may want to go directly there. There is limited information on pH for the human body, in our foods and in the drugs we are using. There is little understanding as well on the importance of amino acids and how they work in our bodies attacking viruses. Concerns by Donna Young, President, Natural Birth Education For reference, this url is : ( www.lotusbirth.com/doc/FEB2003Lotusbirth-458.htm ) (This site was modified on July 1, 2004). Home Page: www.lotusbirth.com

There is concern, and the reason for this web site, that the newborn baby's pH (called a neonate) is being caused to be maladjusted by immediate umbilical cord clamping, thus, lowering the child's natural immunity system. It is believed the early clamping of the umbilical cord, leading to the harvesting of the child's interferon and stem cells, is the cause of the epidemic increase in autism. In the 1970's, autism was one in 30,000. (World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. A, p 913, 1979. Today, the medical statements that the problem is now 1 in 150 children, now under the age of 18.

The child's color and/or race, thus his/her blood type, would endanger the child to being a target for harvesting. For example, Australia has been known to pay as high as $30,000 for a few ounces of stem cells, and they now harvest their own babies. This is happening world wide by the corporations of free enterprise unchecked by the Nation's politicians. The average experimental transplantation of stem cells costs $125,000. The $25,000 is the windfall that is paid to the collector of the unique stem cells requested, matching race to blood type. I have read, in my shared research, that the most wanted of race blood is the European blood line and the Asian's. They may have been exposed to the most radiation fallout.

The change to early umbilical cord clamping, a new trend from full delayed clamping, ideally waiting until the placenta is naturally expelled that took from 5 minutes to 20 minutes, is now instant clamping or the new delayed trend of 30-second clamping. The consequences, stated in reviews, is that one in sixteen babies are now being revived, after early cord clamping. The most vulnerable to being early clamped is the premature baby. They have the most stem cells yet developing, according to a statement by Judith S. Mercer. The other information is according to Canadian research, available in the References . I share concerns that changes caused to the child's blood plasma, the pH, can lower the child's natural immune system. The increases of brain tumors, holes in the heart and learning and behavior problems would then have an explanation if all such matters were objectively reviewed to birth care and treatment of drugs, position of birth, and early clamping and injections and insertions of needles into the newborn. Then injections every second month, into the babies, thereafter.

This would lead to, consequently, the repeat business to sickness in the youth and higher education costs to deal with compromised and impaired children. My concerns were confirmed of impaired youth was stated in a recent study in Toronto (CP), that "One in 10 teens is grappling with at least three mental-health issues, a finding that highlights the need for prevention strategies that address a wide range of problem behaviors, say the authors of a study released Monday." The problems mentioned were depression, drug use, and violence. Source of information, The Peace River Block Daily News, Dawson Creek, BC, Tuesday, May 4, 2004, page 6. On the front page of that paper, was "Christopherson murder trail begins . . .Bradon's adopted father, Dale Christopherson said his son had had problems with alcohol since he was a teenager. Charged for second-degree murder were Danial Courtoreille and Gordon Giroux. Bradon's body had been been cut up, and most of his remains found near Beaverlodge.

The Province of Ontario has two private stem cell blood banks operating in or near major children's hospitals, such as Cells for Life, Markham, Ontario. They quote they take up to 180 ml from the average placenta collection. That amount can be over one-half of a 9-pound baby's blood, as a full term neonate would only create 10 ounces of blood, or 300 ml. (World Book Encyclopedia, Vol B (Blood) page 324, 1979. Blood in the average person's full grown body is alleged to be about 7 to 8 percent of total body weight, of 5 liters, 3 liters is plasma and the rest is cellular (red cells,white cells, and platelets). The plasma contain the electrolytes (minerals) and the nutrients (vitamins) and distributes the suspensions throughout the body. Blood contains the protein (amino acids) and iron which carries the nonmetals, the gas oxygen from the lungs to the cells, and carries back carbon dioxide back to the lungs, for exchange of new oxygen. If there are other metals that disturb the blood molecule's iron, like mercury, which may attract its own nonmetal gases, like sulphur, there is going to be a change, logically, in the pH of the blood plasma and in the cells ability to reproduce and repair themselves. (See The Trouble with Mercury . . . it competes for sulfur needed for blood production: http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/hydro/hg.htm

In the reduction of blood volume to the new born child, causing anemic conditions in the youth, a concern of most Nations, the time period of the stem cell collection, in Canada, began in the Province of Ontario. This public disclosure began in the 1980's and it would likely coincide to the decrease of mental clarity of thought and decline of mental abilities of the youth, leading to the three stated mental-disorders.

The early umbilical cord clamping which is not investigated by elected officials from communities across the Nation. This may be related to political interests of higher wages, higher return in tax revenue, and the increase of cost of health care and higher education. There is increase of research grants for stem cells. It is not surprising that the stem cell private enterprise businesses are one of the fastest growing industries, around the world.

The major press news medias, of radio and TV, like the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and the American Broadcasting Companies (ABC), the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the Mutual Broadcasting System (MBS), and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), all, so far, have failed to address this concern in America. In Great Britain most radio stations are owned by the government. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) regulates these stations. Other countries, including Australia and New Zealand have both private and government owned stations. The silence on this issue is true of the private chained-owned major newspapers.

It would appear that corporation powers are sticking together for political profits, on this issue. They, apparently, have nothing sacred regarding our most important resource, the youth, our future of tomorrow, but harvested of quality of life, today. And, I wonder why the parents, the women, themselves, are not dealing with this issue, and the protector of the family, the fathers . It seems we have been blinded by trust of our medical persons. When you can't trust the doctor and the nurses, the midwives, and the paramedic, who can you trust?

Concerns of changes in the pH that can create the symptoms of disorder are, to quote:

"If the blood is too acidic or too basic, the body's cells cannot function properly."

(Mader, Sylvia S, Inquiry Into Life, 9th edition, 2000, page 23.

Changes in the pH, to quote:

"The chemical changes that take place in the body are very sensitive to even small changes in the acidity and alkalinity of the body fluids in which they occur.

Any departure from the narrow limits of normal H+ and OH - concentrations greatly disrupts body functions."

(Tortora, Gerard, J, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th Edition, 2003, . p.40).

" Asphyxia can lead to an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues resulting in fetal acidosis, a condition characterized by an increase in acidity reflected by a decrease in pH (increase in hydrogen ion concentration) . ( http://www.health.state.mn.us/htac/efmrpt.htm )

pH deals with " hydrogen in a cell ." pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions. The pH value is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in mole/L (M). The equation is: pH = -log[H+] E verything below pH 7 is considered acidic, and anything above pH 7 is considered basic. In most living cells, the pH is approximately 7.2-7.4 and must be maintained in this range to maintain life. (1) http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/chem/midden/MITBCT/chem/review.html#pH

We must know the importance of hydrogen maintained in our cells " Oxygen burns hydrogen in the living system, releasing the energy that runs our bodies. Hydrogen is "the fuel of life." (2) : http://www.tuberose.com/Hydrogen_and_Oxygen.html

Other topics are low pH caused by low blood volume by early umbilical cord clamping, pain receptors and sensations, chemoreceptors, hydrogen ion concentration, Mechanoreceptors,Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors, and Photoreceptors. The periodic table of the elements listing the nonmetals that may be used by the human body. Iatrochemistry put chemistry into medicine. This began about the 1500's to the present date. With this introduction the average lay person began to trust more in chemical made medicines, then in natural medicine of organic nature to help the body to heal itself.

There is a concern of the use of methylmercury used in vaccinations and/or ethyl mercury. The mixing of metal in with the human body, may create unnatural larger molecules, creating internal problems, like strokes, heart attacks, and lung problems. ( http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/hydro/hg.htm )

The preservative named in vaccinations is called Thimerosal, alleged made from ethyl mercury, is a concern of the writer.

If methylmercury , was, however, used in the vaccinations, it contains a natural bacteria, in the methyl. This organic methyl bacteria feeds on oxygen and also on sulfur. The bacteria, that may accompany metals or injections of live viruses, may multiply and may use a cell's power to exist.

Both oxygen and many of the other nonmetals, such as the sulfur gas, are essential in the human body. The building blocks of cells are amino acids. Amino acids are created by the digestion of proteins. Proteins have in them nitrogen, sulphur, and sometimes phosphorous, and like carbohydrates , they also have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The amino acids contain both a carboxyl group (carbon and oxygen) (COOH) and an amino group NH2 (one part nitrogen two parts hydrogen). The acidic COOH and basic NH2 groups react with one another to form an internal salt, called a Zwitterion.

Quotation: "AMINO ACIDS are the "building Blocks" of the body. Besides building cells and repairing tissue, they form antibodies to combat invading bacteria & viruses; they are part of the enzyme & hormonal system ; they build nucleoproteins (RNA & DNA) ; they carry oxygen throughout the body and participate in muscle activity . When protein is broken down by digestion the result is 22 known amino acids. Eight are essential (cannot be manufactured by the body) the rest are non-essential ( can be manufactured by the body with proper nutrition). "

http://anrvitamins.com/glossary/aminoac.html

Other Information on Amino Acids, to quote:

Ampholytes are molecules containing both acidic and basic groups.

All of the common amino acids found in proteins are ampholytes because they contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) that acts as an acid and an amino group (-NH2) that acts as a base.

The presence of both acidic and basic groups in a single molecule means the molecule may exist in several different charged states . ...Molecules containing a mixture of charges that result in the molecule having an overall charge of 0 are called Zwitterions ." (See Ion)

http://www.aw-bc.com/mathews/ch05/fi5p3.htm

Ion to quote: An ion is an electrically charged atom or molecule. Negatively charged ions are known as anions (which are attracted to" anodes "{HYPERLINK "/wiki/Anode"} while positively charged ions are known as cations (which are attracted to " cathodes "). (Cation is pronounced "cat eye on", not "kay shun".)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion

To see the nonmetals (gases) that are used in our cells, that may be used by amino acids, see the Periodic Table to quote:

The nonmetals are, in order of atomic number:

hydrogen (H) 1 (considered an alkali metal and is not regarded as a nonmetal but behaves like one).

carbon (C) 6

nitrogen (N) 7

oxygen (O) 8

fluorine (F) 9

phosphorus (P) 15

sulfur (S) 16

chlorine (Cl) 17

selenium (Se) 34

bromine (Br) 35

iodine (I) 53

astatine (At) 85

Most nonmetals are found at the upper right of the periodic table. The exception is hydrogen, which is usually placed at the upper left with the alkali metals , but behaves like a nonmetal under most conditions. Unlike metals, which are electrically conductive, a nonmetal may be an insulator or a semiconductor. Nonmetals may form ionic bonds with metals by gaining electrons, or covalent bonds with other nonmetals. The oxides of nonmetals are acidic.

There are only twelve known nonmetals, compared to over eighty metals, but nonmetals make up most of the earth, particularly in the outer layers. Organisms are composed almost entirely of nonmetals. Many nonmetals (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are diatomic, and most of the rest are otherwise polyatomic.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_Table

NOTE: World Book Encyclopedia lists 15 nonmetals, they had included: Boron B 5 ; Arsenic As 33 ; Tellurium Te 52 p. 173, Vol. E, p. 172, 173, 1979.

For a list of Amino Acids and how they function, see Glossary below, amino acids.

A protein can change its shape, but once the chemical is removed, it may assume its original shape. A permanent change to a protein is called coagulation (like a fried egg). In this form, the protein cannot return to original shape. Mutations to the human reproduction system can be by the introduction of chemicals that may alter the DNA of the genetic codes, it would depend if the chemical introduced into our bodies is fat or water soluble.

Methionine is one of the essential amino acids and it uses sulfur. See methionine in the glossary provided.

Mercury, in any form, metal or organic, may bother the amino acids of each cell it may enter, as a gas, fluid, or solid. It may create a larger molecule in the blood plasma and cause heart attacks, strokes by causing blockages in the capillary system.

Each amino acid may have a particular pH, per cell. It may be assigned a certain group, alcohol, gas, or work with a particular enzyme. See amino acid in Glossary.

Soil pH: (See Human pH below).

The pH scale goes from 0 to 14 with pH 7 as the neutral point. As the amount of hydrogen ions in the soil increases the soil pH decreases thus becoming more acidic. From pH 7 to 0 the soil is increasingly more acidic and from pH 7 to 14 the soil is increasingly more alkaline or basic.

Descriptive terms commonly associated with certain ranges in soil pH are:

Extremely acid: < than 4.5; lemon=2.5; vinegar=3.0; stomach acid=2.0; soda=2–4
Very strongly acid: 4.5–5.0; beer=4.5–5.0; tomatoes=4.5
Strongly acid: 5.1–5.5; carrots=5.0; asparagus=5.5; boric acid=5.2; cabbage=5.3
Moderately acid: 5.6–6.0; potatoes=5.6
Slightly acid: 6.1–6.5; salmon=6.2; cow's milk=6.5
Neutral: 6.6–7.3; saliva=6.6–7.3; blood=7.3; shrimp=7.0
Slightly alkaline: 7.4–7.8; eggs=7.6–7.8
Moderately alkaline: 7.9–8.4; sea water=8.2; sodium bicarbonate=8.4
Strongly alkaline: 8.5–9.0; borax=9.0
Very strongly alkaline: > than 9.1; milk of magnesia=10.5, ammonia=11.1; lime=12

Reference: http://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/soilph/soilph.htm

HUMAN PH:

What causes dangerous pH in the newborn child? Most babies become dehydrated from most hospital births because of early umbilical cord clamping, the babies have been deprived from 20 to 50 percent total blood volume. If lack of education on replacing whole blood, the baby may be impaired for life and suffering hardships when life is already difficult.

Drugs used in labor, while the do not deform the baby in physical appearances, also contribute to the child's being dehydrated at birth. These drugged and early clamped children have low blood volume after immediate umbilical cord clamping. The policies created seem more for political profits.

The political polices benefit mostly the convenience of a Hospital's staff and the doctor's busy time schedule, as to using drugs, followed by hasty clamping, and imposed on uneducated women on the facts of the child's delivery. The doctors are not required to go into detail of their training or to tell the women they can choose primal birth methods, no hands on, even in institutionalized births. The are expected to share their training and right of rejection by informed choice, but most don't. Why not. The information of rights of birth contracts are left out of science biology textbooks, and in prenatal classes, in each community, too.

This is a great failing of each community. It is during the child's actively managed birth, that the pH of the baby's system can be so altered the child is endangered to its very life or quality of life. And, this is so for the mother's, life, too.

The last report I had for a drugged actively managed birth for the revival of the mother and the child, for a vaginal birth, was $20,000. Her first child cost $3,000, and was a healthier baby, with the least interventions. The second child is compromised and the mother was actively managed by drugs. This was after the nurse applied pressure to her to accept drugs for this reason or that. The mother almost died of a reaction to the spinal. She is hoping she has brought her child out of autism.

Another, a c-section birthed child, for a breech position, does not believe her actively managed birth will allow her baby to live long....she was encouraged to take drugs for Hep. A exposure and Rhogam. Both contain mercury. She was given the shots on the same day and blood-let for testings, until she felt faint. She lives in the State of Ohio and has filed a Writ in order to get all access to her child's and her medical files. Already, they have reported no tests results for tests alleged taken, and records are missing. This, I perceive to be a criminal offense of obstruction of justice when records go missing or documents were not adequately filled in as to facts of care and treatment to her and her child, now ill. It took them two weeks to deal with the low blood volume (early clamping), the child alleged brain damaged by then.

The defense of the nurses and doctors are that the child had bad genes. They did immediate testing for bad genes, and did not immediately serve the child as to being drugged from the c-section and early clamped.

In each situation, the mothers did not know to take immediate Writs in the child's name for all pH tests, Apgar Tests, and genetic test results on their endangered babies, now with internal injuries apparent, when the mothers did not have full true informed choices to not take offerings of injections to themselves or their babies, after birth. See more comments after the PH Chart.

Please feel free to add information, to the pH scale, as you discover it.

The PH Scale Chart is a draft. I am hoping to find information that can add negative or positive ion information to the pH scale. The pH scale is provided for those wishing for more information, and little else is provided, elsewhere. I am also providing for your consideration a link to a petition site for your Democratic expression of your support to Protect the Canadian Babies , to the attention of The Queen and the Attorney General of Canada, and All Provinces and Territories. If we can do this, the babies, likely, world wide will be protected, as well. Please see Endangering to the Neonate's PH Balances in All Systems, below, title in red .

SENSORY RECEPTORS AND SENSATIONS:

"In the human body, one type of sensory receptors are the Chemoreceptors. They respond to chemical substances in the immediate vicinity. The sense of taste and smell are well known to have this type of sensory receptor, but there are also chemoreceptors in various other organs that are sensitive to internal conditions. Chemoreceptors in certain blood vessels monitor the hydrogen ion concentration (H+) in the blood, and if the pH lowers, the breathing rate increases. As more carbon dioxide is expired, the blood pH will rise. (1)

"The pain receptors are a type of chemorceptors. They are naked dendrites that respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues. Pain receptors are protective because they alert us to possible danger. Without the pain appendicitis, we may never seek the medical help that is needed to avoid a ruptured appendix. The discomfort of labor pains, alert the mother that soon her baby will be passed from the birth canal, into her waiting arms. (2)

"Mechanoreceptors are stimulated by mechanical forces, which are most often pressure of some sort. The sense of touch is dependent on pressure receptors that are sensitive to either strong or slight pressures. Pressure receptors located in certain arteries detect changes in blood pressure, and stretch receptors in the lungs detect the degree of lung inflation. Proprioceptors, which response to the stretching of muscle fibers, tendons, joints, and ligaments make us aware of the position of our limbs. Even hearing is dependent on pressure waves in inner ear fluid. Pressure receptors that provide information regarding equilibrium are also located in the inner ear. (3)

"Thermoreceptors are stimulated by changes in temperature. Those that respond when temperatures rise are called warmth receptors, and those that respond when temperatures lower are called cold receptors. There are internal thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus and surface thermoreceptors in the skin.(4)

"Photoreceptors respond to light energy. Our eyes contain photoreceptors that are sensitive to light and thereby provide us with a sense of vision. Stimulation of the photoreceptor, known as rod cells, results in black and white vision, while stimulation of the photoreceptors, known as cone cells, results in color vision. (5)"

(1 - 5) Sylvia S. Mader, Inquiry Into Life, Section 18.1, Sensory Receptors and Sensations, p. 348, 9th edition, 2000.

ENDANGERING THE FETUS / NEONATES PH SYSTEM IF ACTIVE MANAGEMENT IS THE FOLLOWED POLICY

The pH Scale:

Acid Anything that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (lowers the pH) is called an acid. An ion has a positive charge. Low pH = high hydrogen ion

A substance that when added to water increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (lowers the pH) is called an acid.

* hydrochloric acid 0.0 ;Extremely Acid. Sour or Tart Taste to about 4.6

* stomach acid 1.0

Battery Acid 1.0

Gastric Juice 1.2 to 3.0 Ref: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th Ed, 2003

lemons 2.3 ibid

Acid fruits fresh: Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime, Orange, Pineapple, Pomegranate, Sour Grapes, Cranberries, Sour Peach & Plum, Sour Apple, Sour Cherries, Strawberries.

Vinegar (acetic acid) 2.8 - 3.

Carbonated soft drink 3.0 - 3.5

Apples, 3.0

Vinegar 3.0

Most fruits have pH values between 3 and 5.

Sub-acid fruits fresh: peaches, plums, cherries. An apple a day (pectin) keeps the doctor away. Pregnant lady are wise to eat an apple the last thing a night and something during the day. It keeps one regular. (SEE Glossary, Alkaline Forming Foods and Acid forming foods.

Orange Juice 3.5

* Vaginal Fluid 3.5 - 4.5

* Human Skin Acidity 3.5 Ref: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th Ed, 2003.

* Oxytocin 3.9

Note: The man-made Oxytocin used for abortions is an acid drug. It is used to induce labor for wanted babies and can distress the child. It is generally given by IV in diluted form.

It is also used when the child is being born, of used full strength by a muscle injection or vein injection just after the baby's head is being born. The child's umbilical cord clamp is then clamped, requiring in most instances the child to be revived. One in sixteen babies are revived. The chlorobutanol preservative is used in this man-made drug.

More Acidic above

Tomatoes 4.0

Low-starch & Green Vegetables & Sprouts: asparagus, beet greens, bell pepper, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, chard, chicory, chives, collards, raw corn, cucumber, egg plant, endive, escarole, garlic, green beans, kale, leeks, lettuce, okra,onions, parsley, radishes, rhubarb, spinach, summer squash, tomato, turnips, watercress, zucchini. Most jams.

Tomato Juice 4.2

Extremely acid (lower) < than 4.5

Beer 4.5

Very strongly acid: 4.5–5.0

Acid Rain 4.6

Effects of Acid on Human Beings of acid rain at 4.6:

"Among one of the serious side effects of acid pollution on humans is respiratory problems. The SO2 and NO2 emissions give rise to respiratory problems such as asthma, dry coughs, headaches, eye, nose and throat irritations. An indirect effect of acid precipitation on humans is that the toxic metals dissolved in the water are absorbed in fruits, vegetables and in the tissues of animals.

Although these toxic metals do not directly affect the animals, they have serious effects on humans when they are being consumed. For example, mercury that accumulates in the organs and tissues of the animals has been linked with brain damage in children as well as nerve disorders, brain damage and death. Similarly, another metal, Aluminium, present in the organs of the animals, has been associated with kidney problems and recently, was suspected to be related to Alzheimer's disease." (Ref: http://www.simonj.com/Acid%20Rain.html

Rain in the atmosphere reacts with carbon dioxide (CO₂) to form a weak carbonic acid, altering the rain pH to 4.6. From here on up to 0, sour to tart taste.

Soil: If the pH is too low, then your soil is too acid and you should either add calcitic or dolomitic Limestone

Acid Foods are foods that have a natural pH of 4.6 or below.

Low-acid foods - means any foods, other than alcoholic beverages, with a finished equilibrium pH greater than 4.6 and a water activity (aw) greater than 0.85.

* Urine 4.6 - 8.0

Bread, Carrots,

Dried Appricots,

Mollasses,

Spinach: 5.0 < /span>

Most vegetables have pH values between 5 and 7,

Black Coffee 5.2

Most Scientist agree that "normal" rainfall has a 5.6 pH

Soil is out of

shape here 5.6

Moderately acid: 5.6–6.0

Ideal Soil range: 6.2 - 6.8

* Saliva 6.35 - 6.85

Your soil’s pH falls out of the ideal range of 6.2 to 6.8, you may need to add lime or sulfur Wood ashes have some use as a liming material.Coal Ash is toxic with heavy metals and other toxic compounds which may be taken up by the plants.

Slightly acid: 6.1–6.5

Garden soils 6.0 Neutral area of most soils.

Home gardens require a soil which is slightly acid 6. (slightly sweet/acid.

Note: Blood -- Human Plasma is 7.4 blood plasma needs slightly alkaline pH or slightly salty).

See This Web site : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood

See This Web Site on Blood Plasma http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma

cow's milk 6.8 ; slightly acid

Most meat and fish products have pH values between 6 and 7,

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distilled water 7.0 Neutral Area. This is not an acid (sweet to acid) and not an alkaline (salty to lye)

See this web site for more clarity of Introduction to pH : http://www.omega.com/techref/ph.html

To Know if your water has pH problems visit this web site:

http://www.jespinal.com/Chemdocs/PH-Prob.pdf

or http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~djohnson/wswq/pH.html

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ALKALINE A substance that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions (raises the pH) is called a base.

* diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) 7.1

Less then normal alkaline. "Even in its severe form (pH less than 7.1 www.medscape.com/viewarticle/412411

Soil if alkaline moving to slightly salty to lye. If the pH value is too high, your soil is too alkaline salty you need to add sulfur

* Pancreatic Juice 7.1 - 8.2 Ref: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th Ed, 2003

* Human plasma 7.3 - 7.4 Human's blood is slightly alkaline This is good for blood.

Lymph The human lymph is a colorless slightly alkaline liquid in the tissues of the body. It is somewhat like blood but without the red corpuscles. Lymph is derived from parts of the blood which have filtered through blood capillary walls and is conveyed back to the bloodstream by the lymphatic vessels. The lymph carries with it most of the blood substances which can be dissolved in water (A.F. Shull). p. 1246 Vol L-Z , World Book Dictionary.

* INSULIN 7.5 (approx) Ref: Drug Manufacturer, verbal statement.

Insulin, man-made, is used to assist the sugar enter the cells. Without insulin produced naturally by the body, the cells cannot use the sugar to produce energy and heat. Sometimes the body cannot use the insulin it produces. If too much insulin is given, that can create Insulin Shock, and the body needs then more sugar.

When the human body does not control effectively insulin or produce it, it can be a symptom of a disease present, called Diabetes. If the body turns too salty by losing stomach acid, by vomiting, for example, then sugar must be given.

Either extreme of the blood getting too salty or to sweet can produce coma, even death. Salt neutralizes sugar (acid). Salt conducts electrical charges. It is best to have organic salts from plants, such as from kelp (sea salt), rather than from metals. Sodium is needed to keep the calcium liquid. If calcium becomes solid we have pain in our muscles and joints. Celery is a natural means to keep the calcium liquid. Sugar neutralizes excess salt (alkaline).

* Human Bile

(liver secretion that aids

fat digestion). 7.6 - 8.6 Ref: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th Ed, 2003

* Semen

(Fluid containing

sperm). 7.2 - 7.6

* Cerebrospinal fluid

(Fluid associated with

nervous system) 7.4

Moderately alkaline: 7.9–8.4

sea water 8.0

Strongly alkaline: 8.5–9.0

Baking Soda 9.0

Very strongly alkaline: Greater than: > than 9.1

MORE BASIC towards Lye

milk of magnesia 10.5

Domestic Bleach 11.0 From here things are considered of a Bitter Taste

Going towards high alkaline

12.0

Lye used in soap 13.0

Lye 14.0 Highest alkaline

* Denotes substances in the human body.

Here is why women should have natural birth education and practice rather than "active management":

" To ensure homeostasis , intracellular and extracellular fluids must contain almost balanced quantities of acids and bases. The more hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in a solution, the more acidic the solution; conversely, the more hydroxide ions (OH-), the more basic (alkaline) the solution.

To reiterate:

"The chemical reactions that take place in the body are very sensitive to even small changes in the acidity or alkalinity of the body fluids in which they occur. Any departure from the narrow limits of normal H+ and OH- concentrations greatly disrupts body functions. It is important to realize that a change of one whole number on the pH scale represents as a tenfold change in the number of H-. A pH of 6 denotes 10 times more H+ than a pH of 7, whereas a pH of 8 indicates 10 times fewer H+ than a pH of 7 and 100 times fewer H+ than a pH of 6. "

(Reference: Gerard J. Tortora, et al, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th edition, 2003, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., page 40-41.

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Other Comments of active management:

The hospital's policies in favor of only providing Active Management is very, very dangerous compared to the right of informed choice for natural or Primal birth choices of the mother to make. There have been Medical Policies involving active management that want to test the pH of the child's placenta blood. That is Policy #89 May 2000, by The Society of Obstetrician and Gynecologists of Canada.

Their Policy for immediate cord clamping risks the child of anemia and to be a jaundiced baby with iron overload, too many red cells dying.

SOGC knew their Policy #71 December 1998 deprived the placenta-lung blood into the baby's own expanding lungs, would take the child from 6 weeks to over 6 months to recreate that volume of blood back.

SOGC knew the baby would be deprived 20 to 60 percent total blood volume. They knew the mother would not be so informed as they do not mention informed choice when directing either of these two policies that surprise most mothers that their baby was clamped on the umbilical cord, almost instantly. The knew the mother would not be educated to investigate how much blood was drained out the baby's placenta lung-blood-bag. Only after the baby's placenta was transfused, by his/her heart, would the placenta become a flat cake. When the placenta's cord is clamped early, the placenta blood remains full, and is a threat to the woman to birth it as it can be, full, bigger then the child's head. It may rupture with the injection of full strength oxytocin, and cause the mother's and the child's placenta blood to mix together. This is dangerous and requires more drugs, given the mother. This is at a higher expense and risk to harm to the mother, at a later date.

Such choices to stop any clamping of the cord, ever, and no cutting of the cord are best made by a signed Birth Contract.

Mothers must be alerted that the hospitals' and doctors plan for Active Management is a time efficiency management. It can be for the best practice possible for profits and at the least expense. That is the reverse of the duty to the medical consumer to best practice possible least risk of harm.

All Active Management can promise is a revived mother and child by a professional person experimenting with AM and a variety of drugs and use of tools, actually, weapons, as they endanger the child, these being, forceps and a vacuum.

The active management is for institutional births with busy time schedules that prefer not to be bothered with the care of a naturally born child, by primal birth care - no hands on the mother or the child. The child's' manipulated birth (actively being managed) is rushed by drugs, mostly morphine, then oxytocins, and often a combination of these two drugs.

The woman is being pressured, once she enters the institution, or has a professional attend a home birth. This is because she does not have a signed birth contract of what is not done to the mother's body, or the child's, long before the baby is due. Most professionals conceal the fetus and neonate's circulation system, and conceal their intent to clamp the cord early, and their conflict of interest to sell both the placenta and the placenta blood trapped in it.

UNEDUCATED PARENTS-TO-BE GET ACTIVELY MANAGED - IT IS A POLITICAL POLICY:

When the mother is not educated or the father, the mother is pressured and is manipulated with fears of the medical staff. For time management, particularly, if a woman labors at the hospital, instead wisely at home, she is drugged to birth within 12 hours of entering the hospital. She is hooked up to IV's for dehydration prevention. This is because the hospitals prevent her from natural feeding, and beverages, as she would consume, normally, at home. The IV unnaturally takes the place of normal eating and beverages. It may be the cause of too much water absorption in the cells, to the mother and the child.

After about 12 hours of distress, and the women has not progressed (morphine slows labor) and by all the other mechanical interventions causing her fear and mixing up her own hormones and the baby's, she fails to have a natural birth. The mother, is then one of the increasing 26 percent statistics, to be rushed off into the c-section room. This is a routine. The nurse is to time the distress of the child to just get it out alive. The baby will be harvested of all the increased stem cells it has released just to get any one more cell to carry oxygen so it does not die, of suffocation. The increased and released blood cells, the red ones, do not go to the benefit of the baby, as they will be doing immediate cord clamping and robbing the baby of the whole blood. They alleged they burn it. NOT so, if you investigate the billings for expenses and incomes received in these political profit hospitals. Their policies match their greed. Neither the woman nor the child was respected. She and the child were Actively Managed, and the spouse was useless and unable to protect either, for being equally uneducated or deceived as much as the woman. Only if women and their spouses sue the community where this is going on will the scams stop.

OLDER WOMEN AND THEIR SPOUSES DON'T WANT THEIR BUBBLE BURS. BOTH REMAIN TRUSTING AND ARE UNEDUCATED ON THE TIMING OF THE CLAMPING OF THE UMBILICAL CORD-- TO THEIR OWN PERIL, IN MANY INSTANCES TO EVEN TO THE MOTHER'S LIFE IS AT RISK....HOSPITALS AND PROFESSIONALLY CONTROLLED BIRTHS ARE NOT SAFER:

Many of these manipulated women are the older career persons. They were too busy to read about natural PRIMAL births, NOW CALLED LOTUS BIRTH. Many of the older women are professionals. As such, they wanted to believe and trust other professionals, as they wanted to be trusted. They then trusted blindly regarding the actual birth of the child and did not study this part well, independently.

Active management to the revival of the mother and/or the baby is a well rehearsed ritual. It is routine. It is a breach of trust. It is a well repeated tradition and a custom of the medical arts. The consistency of revived babies from actively managed births (AM) requiring additional costs for oxygen and blood transfusion or top up is now documented to be one in sixteen, as to the revelations in recent Canadian study * This is not being an alarmist, this is being factual of what has been getting worse, year after year, with epidemics of internally damaged children, with these illnesses: holes in the heart, lung and strong problems, autism increase 1 in 110, when in the 1970's autism was 1 in 30,000, and we have millions of children on drugs, Ritalin, for Attention Deficient Disorders and other learning and behavior problems.

(*References: www.lotusbirth.com/doc/FEB2003Lotusbirth-110.htm ).

BIRTH CONTRACTS (A draft of one is at www.lotusbirth.com):

Mothers are encouraged to trust their bodies and to birth by Primal Birth methods, by a signed birth contract. These natural births have few, if any, interventions. Today, the truly educated and informed mothers are going for warm water births. There is no cold air on the baby to stop the circulation flow of blood, and the mother's catch their own babies and can protect the baby's lifeline. They have to know not to heed fears imposed by the midwife anxious to clamp the baby's cord, when that is not necessary,unless the cord tore or for placenta previa, the latter a surgeons error in cutting into the placenta or the cord.

The community hospitals are in negligence in most instances for they have not provided for the rights of women to have warm water births and unassisted births in a rented room, and privacy of that right. A door stop is recommended by Dr Marcel Wagner for that assurance of privacy for a primal birth, undisturbed. Most hospitals have tubs and showers so warm water births, no drugs and no touching of the child's cord, are an option made available in a rented birth room, in each community hospital. The rates will go down in cost of care and mothers will be happier and the children will be blue ribbon babies, as much as the mother and father had pollution free bodies, at the time of conception.

Mothers must consider to Contract in written form for their birth of their choice, and to contract for a hospital's room, rented, for the very purpose of no interference in her child's birth. Without the contract, the mother will be manipulated by fears of the nurse and doctor alleging they need a test or do this or that...that is again manipulating and increasing the political costs and time schedule of staff. Such is not the case of one's one time schedule and management in a home birth with the professional person sitting in another room, for a true hand's off birth. Is that possible. Yes, just put in it a contract.

The mother's request for no assistance, for single and multiple births, means she has rejected active management and is trusting her birth witnesses. This Birth Contract remains consistent unless the mother asks for another's help. The mother, only, can change her mind, at any time. The mother can provide, a waiver to the hospital, and this can be by the signed Birth Contract.

Without a signed Birth Contract between the doctor and the hospital, it cannot be assured the staff and hospital will not try to enforce higher medical costs, there being part of a political system (for profits) involving active management. They will always come to the mother about a concern. And, they are so sincere and worried. They wear the mother down. The confuse the father, not educated. The Nurses bother women to get their consent to use a drug on them, and most common, the mother is told it is hospital policy to have her hooked up to an IV for prevention of dehydration. They use a Ringer's solution.

RINGER'S SOLUTION GETS EXCHANGED FOR A NARCOTIC BIRTH - THE FEES GO UP:

Once on the Ringer's solution, by IV hook up, the medical persons can easily switch the solution, to a narcotic. And this has been known to be done without informed consent. The drugs are a mixture, in most instances, of morphine and oxytocin mixture. *(Syntocinon, Pitocin, or known as Toesen). They contain questionable preservatives, like chlorobutanol, that can destroy the thyroid, but that will be latent in discovery.

This happens, mostly, breach of trust, when the mother has not a signed birth contract. She was deceived as she was also forced to sign "appropriate care" forms. That only means a form was signed, not that the mother gave informed consent.

When the mother's trust was breached, it is alleged the medical staff will attempt to destroy the evidence of drugs in the placenta, the urine, the blood. It is not known if forensic testing can find the drugs in the placenta cells, the blood and/or the urine. The best way to tell what the hospital's staff did, is check the billings and the care and treatment forms, soon after the birth.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DIRECTS IMMEDIATE CORD CLAMPING IF OXYTOCIN IS USED:

The drugs are given most women with not being informed of the manufacturer's warnings of use. Nor, that the World Health Organization's warning the use of oxytocin comes with a mandatory directive this drug be followed with immediate umbilical cord clamping. This ICC leaves the child endangered and anemic. Anemia is caused by blood loss and ICC causes 60 percent blood deprivation and that is about 80 to 180 ml blood deprived the child.

The threat, alleged by W.H.O. is that this man-made drug, oxytocin, can poison the child's brain or harm its future brain-cell development. Cells, or the buds for them, will grow up to the child's second birth. If not damaged by oxygen debt and by drugs. The fetus birth directs the drugs and oxygen to first the brain before it goes to other organs. It is the most concentrated in the child's brain.

INFORMED DECISIONS AT THE TIME OF CONTRACTION DISCOMFORT:

What woman can made a decision distracted with contraction discomfort when she had not even had the time (career mothers) to get educated from the internet? The information must come from the internet because the community has false information on birth positions and the safety of drugs. The mother is not being properly guided within her own community of which the various levels of government officials for those services are accountable, as I perceive it.

And, what woman could make an informed decision when so much false and bogus information was made available to her within the community by the professionals, too, those that taught the paid-for prenatal classes.

The false information on the actual child birth is from K-12 to the government controlled nurse-taught-prenatal classes of continued education practices and polices? They all supported political policies, geared for increased medical costs and increased profits to drug companies, research and the professionals involved in health care and maternity issues. (See the references at this site).

NO SUITS FOR PRIMAL BIRTH CARE AND CONTRACTS:

Most law firms may go along with active management as the doctor is in charge. There is no repeat medical legal business for primal births to law firms. There is profit to be made from active management injuries, and they are plenty. But the doctors do not have to pay the Awards, it comes from the insurance plans believed controlled by their own organizations. There is a percent of millions of dollars for active management harm caused to children and to their mothers (See Ing-case-law, Ontario, Canada, Sommers and Roth)

But what money can replace good health and what joy does the child have with their fullest potential and genius cut down to less then an average child, if the child is that lucky. (See Chow-case-law, Ontario, Canada, Sommers and Roth).

The Primal births are safer and least risk of harm, if the mother is educated in birth positions and knows about the natural hormones and enzymes to deal with contraction discomfort. I use the term contraction discomfort because the term labor pains sends a wrong message.

The educated women, going for primal birth (natural birth) will be confident that her hips will widen to any sized baby. The hormones are prolactin and relaxin involved, and her body releases natural morphines for contracting discomfort.

When the mother is informed and in control it will not matter how the baby is born, whether it is being born bum first, or feet first, or face up or face down. The baby will turn properly, if not abused in the womb and rushed. The mother in primal birth education is wise to birth in gravity positions or any forward sitting or forward sideways birth. Never in a placed and controlled semi-sitting birth position or on her back.

The mother can be educated to know that her cervic is not made of cast-iron steel, needing ripening by man-made gels, or to have her membranes stripped, or her water broken. All these are dangerous to her and the baby. The gels can assimilate into her blood stream and thus the child's. And she cannot be confident of what is in the "stuff". Primal birth means a mother's body and that of the birth child's are using natural hormones that are working together as team. Nature knows what to do, and when in doubt, man and woman should keep their hand's off.

Nature does not guess and man guesses, are frequently, wrong, and his/her interventions are harmful, in most instances. Some of the babies are not having their chance of the best development they ought to have because of the unncessary interventions. Babies are found to be premature in c-sections, that were scheduled for staff convenience, the doctor's, or even the mother's thinking it will be cute to have a baby by Christmas, and the Dad agrees for a tax credit. Who is thinking of the best time for the infant's own time schedule.

The risk factors, as you can read in examples of The Merck Manual, for actively managed births, now costing in the USA, along $20 billion dollars, do NOT explain the potential harm of most drugs. The drugs are known to alter the pH of both the mother and the child. Or the risk of any injection, because at the point of entry of any injection there is a risk of a virus getting in the blood stream that will be slow or fast acting.

IS THE USE OF A MIDWIFE SAFER AND IN A HOME BIRTH - NOT NECESSARILY:

Using midwives for a home birth, unless they sit in another room, is not always a wiser choice to no-assistance births. Laura Shanley blames the mother of today, with so much information available, if she gets her or her baby by allowing herself to be actively managed or birthing in institutions, or having a midwife in a home birth. She has been proven right, at least in my families experience of midwives. his is because the past and presently trained midwives and doulas are equally being trained to clamp off the baby's lifeline while it is still pulsating. They are also registered at the cord stem cell blood banks and can, if the mother discards the placenta, sell the harvested blood from the placenta, to the highest bidders, as do the doctors and the hospitals, and the hospital's labs. It is done without true informed consent, no clamping or cutting of the cord is necessary unless the cord tore or for placenta previa - the latter is the cord was cut by a knife or the placenta.

The midwives are being trained, as the doctors to violate the baby's security of person to clamp early and take the baby's blood and store it for another, or the family's interest. These midwives, have bogus reasons as to the bogus Policies of ACOG and SOGC. If they could make a bogus reason to clamp the cord, they make up their own too. These bogus alibis are to confuse the police that they had to clamp the cord for either the benefit of the mother (fear of bleeding) or for the benefit of the child (having too much blood)???.

The medical professionals in this scam of political profits were withholding, incorrectly, the need of the baby's expanding lungs to have the placenta-lung-blood, and that the placenta blood is not extra blood.

What happens with the bogus lies told the mother and the father is that they have weakened their baby. But because the parents take home a living baby, even a revived baby, they do not know to file a Writ for breach of trust and endangering of their child and the concealment and destroying of evidence how much blood they took from their baby and sold on the open market.

It is a matter of checking the accounting records that the doctor, hospital, or midwife collected extra billings for the sending in the placenta and the placenta blood to paid for experiments on both collections. Records are there, they have to be obtained by filing of the Writ, for due process of law to bring information that will be eventually destroyed, or never put in the child's own medical records.- the condition of the cord and the time it was clamped, for example, is never filed out by the nurse or the doctor, and the hospital's allowed that to go undocumented, too.

Those paying for cord stem cell blood drained from the placenta by its cord, involves the State, the Province or the Territory. Those encouraging the violation of the child and the harvesting of the baby's placenta whole blood and nutrients are from the local levels to the Federal officials, and most medical associations, colleges, and societies.

The private enterprises of the stem cell blood banks are involved in this scam of robbing the baby's of their blood, too, for they encouraged the harvesting of the baby's blood by saying it would not weakened or harm the baby. It is all about money scams, not the health or the benefit of the child and the legal owner of the placenta blood, wrongfully taken by hasty clamping active management policies.

The facts of visual evidence is that the baby was weakened by deprivation of 20 to 50 percent total blood volume and the baby's placenta sent to research where privacy of the genetics of the family and DNA can be revealed to scientists and strangers. The babies so violated at birth may never fully recover and remain anemic a very long time, if not for life. Even today, adults are finding out the have a hole in the heart, and alleged there since birth. It is caused by low blood volume. Their foramen ovale never sealed. This is the by-pass window involved in the fetus circulation, before full blood transfusion took the baby's blood into the lungs, then to the heart, then to the brain and the rest of the child's body. The fetal circulation take the placenta oxygenated blood (and drugs in it) first to the brain, by-passing the lungs.

DNA AND GENETIC INFORMATION IN THE HANDS OF OTHERS WITH NO INFORMED CONSENT:

The intent of taking the baby's placenta blood is a threat to any one cell of DNA and Genetic information could be a risk and a threat to a race, color or sex, or age of the persons, at some later date.

BIRTHING MOTHERS WHO ARE AIDED BY PROFESSIONALS ARE PROVIDING THEIR FAMILIES DNA AND GENETIC CODES TO STRANGERS - WHO HAVE NO DIRECT PERMISSION TO HAVE PRIVATE INFORMATION ON THIS FAMILY:

All birthing mothers should not provide that means, the placenta and the placenta-blood taken by strangers. They can have their baby remain, as I call it, a biological reciprocal sealed-unit. The cosmetic removal of the placenta, if done with risk of blood infections, can be removed safely at home. You do not need to be a surgeon, but purchases a clamping and cutting tool, from Dupont. The discarding of the placenta, eventually, will be as the pioneers did it on their farms and home births. They bury the placenta in their own yard, some putting lime on it, as was the tradition of the pioneers, who had their births by primal traditions, no hands on births, and warm water births.

No professionals in the system to day, can be trusted until they are retrained in Primal birth rights and warm water births for complete delivery of the baby, with no interventions, in most instances, to a well informed mother.

The mothers informed choice and contract are the only means she can have to protect her child. This includes no clamping of the cord, and allowing the placenta to be expelled in the warm water too. Of course, no clamping, ever or cutting the cord, is a personal choice of the birthing mother, being informed of such benefits no risk of cord infections if the cord is not clamped or cut. Water births are safe if the mother is not drugged, so she does not accept any IV drugs or injected drugs, or pills, taken into her body, at all.

BEING INFORMED OF PRIMAL BIRTH RIGHTS VS ACTIVE MANAGEMENT:

If a mother feels that active management vs natural child birth, that disrupted the mother's own pH and that of her child's was a violation she was not informed, she should file a complaint by filing a Writ for damages.

This means the medical practice was not adequately explained or its dangers of use of drugs and tools on the mother's body, or risk to her child. The duty of all professional person was to inform of natural and primal birth choices. They had a duty to be specific and to inform the mother as a policy of doctors and to duty of nurses and midwives, and doulas.

The drug companies seem to have no duty in their publication to inform the mother of the dangers of their manual influence medical care to people, and possibly to animals as well. See the information in The Merck Manual. Some of there Manual is very good but some parts for the care of the birthing mother is questionable, and seem a conflict of interest of a political nature of profits in drugs used. They advocate many questionable interventions they advocate. Because they equipment and medical tools, and drugs, and they are apparently, encouraging methods failing to advocate natural or primal alternatives and free choice of the mother to choose, wherever she births her baby or babies.

MOTHERS FILING SUITS FOR DAMAGES OF ACTIVE MANAGEMENT:

As of March 2004, one mother, in Ohio, has already filed her own Writ. This then allows her to Discover billings and care and treatment done to her and her baby for pursuing medical malpractice compensation involving active management policies.

ACTIVE MANAGEMENT IS A COMMUNITY PROBLEM INVOLVING HARVESTING OF THE BABY'S PLACENTA BLOOD:

All care and treatment to the mother and the child are a community's concerns. Active management also involves the Province, State, or Territory, the Federal duty to protect all equally and to provide for police enforcement for anyone endangering another or risking them unnecessary bodily harm.

CRIMINAL CHARGES FOR ENDANGERING AND NO INFORMED CONSENT AND NO REAL EVIDENCE OF NEED:

No one, not even a medical person, is exempt from criminal investigation if they are doing unnecessary endangering to another. This will likely involve the immediate umbilical cord clamping that is going on by bogus medical political policies. And the child being wrongfully harvested from 20 to 50 percent total blood volume, weakening the child, and lowering their immune system.

Anything is possible that a court may consider active management without informed consent of the risks may be actually a criminal medical practice.

The medical system, by the various groups, may simply be "using" medical policies as an alibi to avoid criminal and/or civil accountability.

The baby and the mother of the child were actually physical endangered, needlessly, by many of the active management policies, including putting needles into a new baby's body. Much of active management has been done without true informed consent or a benefit to the mother to have had instead of active management, a gentle birth. These are the Primal births, the natural births that do NOT promote violence on the mother's body or the child's.

If you would like to add any drug pH to the scale, or other information, regarding pH, or other comments, please send to dyoung@pris.ca

Thank you.

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Other Information

This is a good link that describes acidosis and alkaline conditions caused by pH changes:

http://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/acidosis.html

Definition

Acidosis means that your body has more acid than normal. In other words, the pH of your body is lower than normal.

The term serum acidosis refers specifically to the acid level of your blood. (can mean too much sugar)

Alkalosis:

When your body is too basic (alkaline, salty), the corresponding condition is called alkalosis.

Additional PH Info

Correct and vital function of your body depends on having the proper pH level and a balance of the various ions in your body (your electrolytes). Two components that play a vital role are the hydrogen cation, H+ and the bicarbonate anion, HCO3-. If one of these is either enhanced or depleted by physical activity, disease or chemical exposure, symptoms can begin to appear.

For example, those suffering from ketosis (a common condition in diabetes) can get a buildup of excess acids in the body, a condition called ketoacidosis.

MSDS Relevance

Exposure to certain chemicals may result in acidosis . Acidosis can cause a variety of symptoms, including headache, nausea and vomiting. The condition can be life-threatening if left untreated. If you suspect that exposure to a hazardous substance is causing symptoms such as these, see a physician immediately.

See also: electrolyte.

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Glossary of items of interest:

ATOMS: Atoms consist mostly of electrically charged particles. The atoms are neutral, that is having equal balance of negative and positive charged particles, equal to the positive protons and neutrons of center of the atom, with the equal balanced electrons outside of the center of the atom.

If the balance of the protons and neutrons or the electrons change, the atom becomes an ion...with either a positive charge or a negative charge. An ion is no longer neutral At atom becomes a negative ion when it gains electrons (electrons are negative) The atom becomes positive charged if it loses one or more electrons. P. 322f World Book, Vol C-Ch, 1979.

CHEMICAL GROUPS : Chemists divide inorganic compounds (no carbon) into four major groups:

(1) oxides, (2) acids, (3) bases, and (4) salts.

When oxygen acids react with bases, they form salts that contain oxygen.

An organic substance is something that contains carbon (was living at one time or is living).

Hydrocarbons include thousands of compounds that contain only the elements hydrogen and carbon.

Acid Acids are combinations of a nonmetal with hydrogen. When any any acid dissolves in water, it always releases positive hydrogen ions. An acid is produced when oxygen is added to an aldehydes. For example, when methanal gains an oxygen atom, it becomes methanoic acid (HCOOH), more commonly known as formic acid. (World Book Vol C-Ch, p. 322h, 1979).

According to information at this web site http://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/acidosis.html , an acid cannot accept a pair of electrons. What does this mean. Electrons are negative in the atom that has positive protons and neutrons in its center, the DNA.

In a neutral state of an atom, would the acids be positive, would the be considered to be the proton and the neutrons of an atom. until the DNA receives an additional proton?

I am trying to put the pH to the human cell, as they would work as to the theory of atoms, too.

If you have information please share, but this is my thoughts/theories. Perhaps, the acids are from neutral 7.0 to 0 on the pH scale, and can be considered positive atoms. What do you think, or know?

I tend to think the acids as being the sugars, and sugars don't carry a charge. Acids are said to move toward the negative part of the pH scale.

An anode is a positively charged electron, and generally electrons are the negative part of the atom, in a neutral state.

In an electrolytic cell or electron tube, electrons flow from the cathode to the anode. The negative terminal of a battery or cell that sends out current. The zinc electrode in a dry cell is the anode. Greek anodes is a way up. Anolyte the part of an electrolyte close to the anode during electrolysis.

So I am thinking the range from 7.0 to 14 are negative, this being the electrons. What do you think? However, an electron may be positive (positron), but as term is generally used , it refers to the negative form (negtron).

It is now recognized that electrons do not always behave like tiny particles but sometimes manifest wave properties as well (P. E. Hodgson) (See Atom. World Book Dictionary, p. 680 Vol. A-K)

I am thinking in the normal state, electrons are perhaps the alkalines of the pH scale, these are the salts. What do you think?

The human blood is slightly salty, then is having a negative charge and the pH is 7.4.

I am now wondering how the cells negative and positive are disturbed by metals of methyl mercury (has living bacteria in it) and what happens if the metals are radioactive? And if methyl mercury, alleged an organic substance, of living bacteria, can be radioactive? I would think radioactive would kill something like this, a bacteria. But the babies vaccinated seem to have the similarities of sickness as those exposed to radiation.

Bases are combinations of a metal with the hydroxyl radical (OH). Bases are the chemical opposites of acids. Acids release hydrogen ions when dissolved, but bases "accept" hydrogen ions by combining them with the hydroxyl radical. When a base is dissolved in water, it releases its hydroxyl radical, which is a negative ion (OH-). If positive hydrogen ions (H+) are also present in the solution, they combine with the hydroxyl ions to form molecules of water (HOH).

SALTS are combinations of a metal with a nonmetal. The reaction of an acid with a base produces a salt and water. For example, hydrochloric acid (HCl) reacts with lithium hydroxide (LIOH) to form the salt lithium chloride (LI CL) and water (HOH).

OXIDES are combinations of oxygen with metal or non-metals. Calcium oxide (Ca)) is a metallic oxide. sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a nonmetallic oxide.

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OTHER WORD GLOSSARY:

Acids that are in the drug family: LSD lysergic acid diethylamide, a hallucinogenic compound of lysergic acid that produces temporary symptoms of schizophrenia. It is a derivative of an acid obtained from ergot a form of fungus that grows on rye and wheat. It is alleged to cause birth defects. Formula: C22 H25 N3 ) Abbr: LSD (no periods).

lysin an antibody that can dissolve bacteria, red blood cells, and other cellular elements. Lysins are developed in blood serum.

lysine a basic amino acid essential for growth, formed by the hydrolysis of various proteins. Formula C6 H14 N2 02 (Greek lysis a loosening + English -ine)

lysis the destruction of a cell by dissolution of the cell membrane, as by a lysin or a virus: For some considerable distance around the mold growth, the staphylococcal colonies were undergoing lysis (being dissolved) (Marguerite Clark). The gradual ending of an acute disease (contrasted with crisis).

lysogenic causing the destruction of cells by dissolution of the cell membrane. Carrying a prophage within the cell: a lysogenic bacterium.

lysogenize cause bacteria to carry a prophage within the cell.

lysomsomal having to do with lysosomes: The membrane serves to protect the rest of the cell from the contents of lysosomes, because uninhibited action of lysosomal enzymes causes cell death (London Times).

Lysosome a particle in the cytoplasm of most cells that contains destructive, hydrolytic enzymes: The lysosomes function in many ways as the digestive system of the cell. (Greek lysis a loosening + soma body).

lysostaphin an enzynme that destroys staphylococcal bacteria by disintegrating the bacterial cell wall.

lysozyme an enzymelike substance that is capable of destroying many kinds of bacteria. It is found in egg white, human tears, and most body fluids . As early as 1922, researchers have known that the enzyme lysozyme, found in nasal secretions, has important bacteria-destroying powers (Science News Letter) (Greek lysis a loosening + English (en) zyme.

( Note : In birth, the doctors and nurses have been using a nose syringe bulb to aggressively syringe out the nasal secretions. In primal births, prior to the use of syringe bulbs, the baby's nose was simply wiped with a clean cloth or with a clean hands. Babies who have been caused to be anemic, by the immediate umbilical cord clamping, will have low immunity systems. These babies with aggressively removed lysozyme are then likely caused to be more vulnerable to infections, colds, and ear infections. The children are frequently sick. Have you been aware of any increased cochlea operations in your area?

Definitions: p. 1247, Vol. L-Z, WBD 1979.

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Other Stuff:

AAS. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Method used to quantitatively analyze for mineral elements like sodium, phosphorus, chromium, and cobalt.

ABRASION. Damage to semi-rigid or flexible packages caused by mechanically rubbing, scuffing or scratching.

ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY. Actual weight of water vapor contained in a unit volume or weight of air. See also RELATIVE HUMIDITY.

ABSORBENT. A substance having the ability to soak up or retain other substances, such as sugar or salt absorbing water when exposed to high relative humidity atmospheres.

ACID. A substance which increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and reacts with a base to form a salt. See HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION.

ACID FOODS. Any foods with a finished equilibrium pH value of 4.6 or smaller. Tomatoes, pears, pineapples, and the juices thereof, having a pH of less than 4.7 and figs having a pH of 4.9 or below are also classified as acid foods.

ACID NUMBER. Number of KOH required to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1g of fat, wax, or resin.

ACIDIFIED FOOD. A low-acid food to which acid(s) or acid food(s) are added and which has a finished equilibrium pH of 4.6 or below and a water activity (aw) greater than 0.85.

ACID-FORMING FOODS
• Oysters •Most grains • Veal • Rice • Most fish • Organ meats • Liver • Natural cheese • Chicken • Lentils • Peanuts • Eggs • Most meats & fowl • Whole wheat or rye bread • Most nuts except almonds & Brazil Most grains are acid-forming, except millet and buckwheat.

http://www.inlightimes.com/archives/2002/11/acid-alkaline-foods.htm

ACIDULENT. An acidifying agent, such as acetic acid or vinegar.

ACIDURIC. Micro-organisms that can grow in high acid foods, i.e., with a pH value below 3.0. Generally are of low heat resistance

ADDITIVE. Any substance, the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food.

ABSORBENT. Material on whose surface absorption takes place.

ADSORPTION. Adhesion of a substance to the surface of a solid or liquid.

ADULTERANT (ADULTERATION). Foreign material in food, especially substances which are esthetically objectionable, hazardous to health, or which indicate that unsanitary handling or manufacturing practices have been employed.

AERATION. The bringing about of intimate contact between air and liquid by bubbling air through the liquid to promote surface absorption of air.

AERATION TANK. A tank in which sludge, sewage, or other liquid waste is aerated.

AEROBES. Micro-organisms that need oxygen for growth. Obligate aerobes cannot survive in the absence of oxygen.

AEROBIC. Living or active only in the presence of free oxygen.

AERATOR. A device used to promote aeration.

AEROSOL. Colloidal suspension in which gas is the dispersant. Dispersion or suspension of extremely fine particles of liquid or solid in a gaseous medium.

AFDOUS. Association of Food and Drug Officials of the U.S.

AFLATOXINS. Highly toxic substances produced by certain molds on moist peanuts, corn, pecans, and other foodstuffs during the growing and post-harvest period. The F.D.A. has set limits on the levels of aflatoxins produced in various food products. It is virtually impossible to produce agricultural commodities without low levels of aflatoxins.

AGAR. Dried, purified stems of seaweed. Partly soluble and swells with water to form a gel. Used in soups, jellies, ice cream, meat, and fish pastes, in bacteriological media, as a stabilizer for emulsions. Also called agar-agar.

AGGLOMERATE. To gather, form or grow into a rounded mass, or to cluster densely.

AGING. Treatment of flour with oxidizing agents.

AGITATING COOKERS. Retorts or cookers that provide product agitation during processing.

AID. Agency for International Development, U.S. Department of State.

AIR FLOTATION. Synonymous with flotation.

ALBEDO. The white inner layer of citrus fruit peel. Consists of sugars, cellulose and pectins; used as a source of pectin for commercial manufacture.

ALKALI-FORMING FOODS :
• Figs • Potatoes • Soybeans • Pineapple • Lima beans • Cabbage • Apricot • Spinach • Tomatoes • Turnip or beet tops • Peaches • Raisins • Apples • Almonds • Grapes • Carrots • Bananas • Dates • Watermelon • Celery • Millet • Cucumber • Brazil Nuts • Cantaloupe • Coconuts • Lettuce • Buckwheat • Watercress•

The most alkali-forming juices are: fig juice, green juices of all green vegetables and tops, carrot, beet, celery, pineapple and citrus juices. . Vegetable broth is an extremely alkalizing drink.

http://www.inlightimes.com/archives/2002/11/acid-alkaline-foods.htm

AMINO ACID : For R-Group information: Proton, Methyl, Isopropyl, sec-Butyl, Cylopentyl Amine, 1 Alcohol, 2 Alcohol, Thiol, Sulfur Ether, Amide connected at Alpha-carbon, Amide connected at Beta-carbon, Toluene, para-Methyl-phenol, Butyl amine, Guanidino group, Imindazole group, http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/proteins.htm#amino_acids

Essential Amino Acids : TRYPTOPHAN, LYSINE, METHIONINE, PHENYLALAINE, THREONINE, VALINE, LEUCINE & ISOLEUCINE,

and the following Non-Essential Amino Acids: ARGININE, TYROSINE, GLYCINE, SERINE, GLUTAMIC ACID, ASPARTIC ACID, TAURINE, CYSTINE, HISTIDINE, PROLINE, & ALANINE. http://www.realtime.net/anr/aminoacd.html

ALBUMEN. The white of an egg composed principally of the protein albumin.

ALBUMIN. Any of a group of plant and animal proteins, which are soluble in water, dilute salt solutions, and 50% saturated ammonium sulfate.

ALDEHYDES. A class of highly reactive organic chemical compounds obtained by oxidation of a primary alcohol.

ALGAE. Major group of lower plants, single and multi-celled, usually aquatic and capable of synthesizing their foodstuff by photosynthesis.

ALGINATES. Salts as alginic acid found in many seaweeds. Used as thickeners and stabilizers in ice cream and synthetic cream in artificial cherries, and as alginate sausage casings.

ALLERGEN. Any substance capable of producing allergy.

ALLERGY. A hypersensitivity to a specific substance or condition, which in smaller amounts is harmless to most people.

ALLSPICE. (Or Jamaica Pepper) Dried fruits of the evergreen Pimenta officinalis, also known as pimento.

ALMOND, BITTER. Ripe seed of Prunus amygdalus, var. amars (almond tree)

ALMOND, SWEET. Ripe seeds of Prunus amygdalus, var.

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. See VITAMIN E

ALUM (ALUMINUM AND POTASSIUM SULFATE). Used in foods as a buffer, a neutralizing agent, and as a firming agent, in baking powders to help generate carbon dioxide, and in water purification as a flocculating agent.

AMINO ACID . Proteins are composed of about 23 amino acids. Eight of them must be provided in the human diet, the essential amino acids. The remaining 15 can be synthesized in the body. Many amino acids are manufactured synthetically, and lysin and methionine in particular, can be added to food and feeds to increase their nutritive value.

Other Opinion: http://anrvitamins.com/glossary/aminoac.html : "When protein is broken down by digestion the result is 22 known amino acids. Eight are essential (cannot be manufactured by the body) the rest are non-essential ( can be manufactured by the body with proper nutrition). "

AMYLOPECTIN. A branched polysaccharide which together with amylose, makes up starch.

AMYLOSE. Straight chain polysaccharide which, together with amylopectin, makes up starch.

ANAEROBES. Micro-organisms that grow in the absence of oxygen. Obligate anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. Facultative anaerobes normally grow in oxygen, but can also grow in its absence.

ANAEROBIC. Living or active in the absence of free oxygen.

ANEMIA. Anemia is low blood volume. Insufficient blood is getting to the brain. This lost blood can be caused in a child at birth by the doctors doing early umbilical cord clamping. Motive . They are selling the trapped blood in the placenta-lung-blood-bag, and they sell the placenta too. The placenta is ground up for hormones and enzymes, and the membrane like the foreskin of the penis is sold to burn tissue banks. Most doctors and midwives are allowed to work at hospitals, perhaps, if they agree to be an agent for the hospital. By being their agent, they agree to be involved in the collecting of the placenta organ for a fee and they practice questionable and unsafe and risk-taking practices, often put into bogus policies to prevent criminal prosecution if the doctor or midwife choose to follow the bogus policy and not report it as endangering medical malpractice. Examples of bogus policies that cause anemic conditions in babies was the Education Bulletin #216 November 1995, of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG); and Policy #71 December 1998 and Policy 389 May 2000 of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada (SOGC). Both allowed these bogus policies to run for a long time, Canada still harvesting babies by the doctors sending the deprived blood to stem cell research at many of the universities and medical training hospitals. Children's hospitals in major cities have the closest blood banks for they do the most deliveries of babies.

The medical persons are unethically trained at most universities in the biology courses directing falsely, the early clamping on the human baby's umbilical cord. They would not dare do that to animals that must be able to have strength to stand to nurse. They would be charged with cruelty to animals. The doctors only do that to human babies because parents think a weak baby, anemic, has a genetic problem, and they believe bad genes have caused their child's weakness, if noticeable at birth. Many children just go home as weakened living babies. Some die an unnatural Crib Death, others are slowed down in mental and physical development, again, blamed on bad genes. The parents pay the cost of higher health costs and education of compromised children.

Most do not know their rights to have sued the doctor and hospital for violation and breach of trust and doing incompetent and needless risk taking to their child. Most of us were violated at birth. The doctors have conned the women trusting to birth in hospitals as safer places. They are not. They are dishonest on this issue of child care, most nurses remaining silent on this issue, fearful they will not have a career if they truly lived up to their standard of ethics, and reported and faulted doctors observed doing early clamping in the c-section operating room, or for a vaginal birth, for preterm babies or full term babies. All babies, regardless of their size need never be clamped on their cord, or cut, unless the cord tore or for placenta previa. The doctors and their hospital's lab were taking 1/2 to 1 cup of blood per child, per size, per color, race, sex, or mental or physical disadvantage of that child, trusted to be have had equal protection (enforcement of the law) and equal security of person. The nurses when they did not put out a separate unbiased report of the placenta by weight and amount of blood trapped in it, were no longer mere witnesses, but an accomplice and an accessory to a crime. They ought to have known better. See References of Nurses Manuals at: www.lotusbirth.com/doc/FEB2003Lotusbirth-110.htm

The hospitals approve all persons that work in their maternity wards. They received the placenta and the placenta blood and made the ethics committee decision how it would be discarded, and in most cases the placenta and placenta blood were disposed without true informed consent. The diseased blood and organ may be burned, but otherwise, without informed consent the placenta and its contents are harvested to the highest bidders.

ANALOGS. Fabricated foods resembling well accepted animal or plant foods.

ANHYDROGLUCOSE UNITS. The basic C6 H10O5 unit that occurs repeatedly in all starch molecules.

ANION. Negatively charged ion such as hydroxide (OH-), carbonated (CO3=), phosphate (PO4=).

ANIONIC SURFACTANTS. Ionic surface active agents in which the portion that associates with the internal phase is the anion; they include carboxylic acids, sulfuric acid esters, and sulfonic acids.

ANNEALING. A process of holding a material at a temperature near, but below, its melting point to permit stress relaxation without distorting the shape. A controlled cooling that prevents additional stress is often part of the process. It is often used to relieve stress created in the manufacturing processes of forming and cooling of parts.

ANTHOCYANINS. Violet, red, and blue coloring matter of many fruits, flowers and leaves. Depolarizers in electrochemical reactions; as such they cause trouble in canned foods by accelerating internal can corrosion.

ANTHOXANTHINS. Yellow to orange-red pigments present in plant materials.

ANTIBIOTIC. A Substance that inhibits the growth of micro-organisms usually produced by other organisms such as penicillin.

ANTICAKING AGENT. Substance used in many salts and powders to keep them free-flowing. Anticaking agents are used in such products as table salt, garlic and onion salts and powders, powdered sugar and malted milk powders.

ANTIFOAMER. Liquid of low intrinsic surface tension that prevents formation of a foam.

ANTIMICROBIAL. A compound which inhibits the growth of a microbe.

ANTIMYCOTIC AGENT. A substance which destroys or inhibits the growth of molds and other fungi.

ANTIOXIDANTS. Substances that retard the oxidative rancidity of fats, or the oxidation of other substances.

ANTI-OXIDANTS: Uric Acid, along with Bilirubin, Ascorbic Acid and Glutathione, plays a role in defense against anti-oxidants.

http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/biochemistry_frames.htm

How Antioxidants Work: http://www.medicinalfoodnews.com/vol01/issue5/anti.htm

"In nature electrons are usually paired. In radicals they are not, and so radicals generally are more reactive than non-radicals. Because they are reactive, radicals search out ways of pairing up their odd electron. In their haste to pair up their electron, radicals often attack nearby chemical compounds. These chemical compounds may be involved in important enzyme reactions, may be components of cell walls or may be part of a DNA molecule. If their chemical structure is changed, their function in the body may be lost and the result can be disease or infection. This process is usually long term, but more and more evidence is pointing to the benefits of reducing oxidative damage in body tissue.

A radical can donate its odd electron to another molecule, it can rob an electron from another nearby molecule or it can combine with another radical. When two radicals combine this is called a termination step. . . .

ANTISEPTIC. Substance that prevents or inhibits the growth of micro-organisms on animate surfaces, such as skin.

ANNULAR. the space between two concentric rings.

AOAC. Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

AOM. Activated Oxygen Method.

APPARENT VISCOSITY. See VISCOSITY. Viscosity of a complex (non-Newtonian) fluid under given conditions.

AQUEOUS. Containing Water.

ASCORBIC ACID. A water-soluble vitamin. Important sources are citrus fruits and juices, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, raw cabbage, collards, sweet and green peppers, potatoes and tomatoes.

ASEPSIS. Clean and free of micro-organisms.

ASEPTIC. See COMMERCIAL STERILITY.

ASEPTIC PACKAGING SYSTEM. A continuous system where packages are sterilized, then enter a pre-sterilized environment to be filled with sterile product and sealed.

ASEPTIC PROCESSINGS AND PACKAGING. The filling of a commercially sterilized cooled product into presterilized containers, followed by aseptic hermetical sealing, with a presterilized closure, in an atmosphere free of micro-organisms.

ASH. The residue of a substance which has been incinerated at about 525 ° C (975 °F).

ATOM. An atom is the smallest particle of matter that has distinct chemical characteristics. It can be a gas, a metal, a fluid. The atom can bind with other elements of a specific kind to create a new creation. The atoms the different ratios form molecules, like the formula, H20, which is atoms combined to form water. This formula represents that it took two ratios of hydrogen to one ratio of oxygen, to form water.

The Hydrogen atom, H symbol has an atomic weight of 1.007897 and an atomic number 1, an specific gravity of 0.00009. Hydrogen is the lightest of all atoms. but it has three brothers, isotopes that have heavier weights. The hydrogen element can become separated from the water and become a hydrogen gas again. The oxygen element can become separated and become oxygen again. The can create water again and again by the molecules of hydrogen and oxygen bonding together. The elements of hydrogen and oxygen properties did not change, they remain as they were, once separated each again unique.

When we are trying to change elements found in nature, whether they are gases, liquids, we do so by heating them, freezing, or dehydrating them.

When we try to change the elements in the human body, we might bombard them with radiation or by chemicals or a virus, or by gases. We might add foreign particles into our body, that causes the cells to become toxic and that can make us sick. If the cells cannot neutralize the foreign particle, or use it to live, the particle may take over cells, and take their energy until the cell dies. If enough cells die by the foreign substance the human sole dies.

The atoms, like the universe, are in constant motion and are held together by forces of gravity, with negative and positive fields.

The atoms are so tiny that they can be seen only with powerful electron microscopes. They have many particles to them. The east way to picture an atom is to think of it as a miniature solar system. The nucleus (central core some may even call this the brain or DNA) of the atom corresponds to the sun in the solar system. The rest of the atom is mostly empty space dotted with tiny, almost weightless, negative electrical charges. These electrical charges are called electrons, and they are negative charges. The inner core of the atom is made up of positive charges of two basic units, the protons and neutrons. The particles of the atom are called the nucleons. There are more nuclear particles of the atom, they are called the mesons, neutrinos, hyperons, and various anti-particles. The anti-particles become evident when the atom is in a type of reaction to movement.

Atomic particles are classified into groups according to their mass. The heaviest group of particles are the baryons. The next lighter group are the mesons, and the lightest group are the leptons.

WEIGHT OF ATOMS: In the human body the blood stream carries different particles of atoms. They consist of metals that the body creates like iron and iodine, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and the body takes in oxygen to burn fuel in the cells that we take in as food. Some of the normal weight of the gases in our bodies, not knowing the weight of blood and proteins, and vitamins and minerals for all human atoms, the common healthy gas atomic numbers in their elements are hydorgen 1, lithium 3,carbon 6, nitrogen 7, oxygen 8, sodium 11, magnesium 12, calcium 20, mangansese 25, iron 26, selenium 34, iodine 53.

There are questionable heavy weights put into the human system that must bully the atom structure of the small atoms, such as Lead 82, ( MethylMercury * 80, Radium 88, Radon 86. (*methyl mercury is the most dangerous of mercury compounds and can damage the brain P338 WB). Methyl mercury is a living bacteria found in the soils it reproduces in the right environment. Mercury when a vapor and has electricity pass through it, gives off light, it used in electrolysis cells to change substances using electricity, mercury conducts a charge, and binds with other metals, oxygen iron, iodine).

* Methylmercury may be formed in water and soil by small organisms called bacteria.
Methylmercury builds up in the tissues of fish. Larger and older fish tend to have the highest levels of mercury.

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts46.html#bookmark02

The Problem with Mercury

http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/hydro/hg.htm

MOTION OF ATOMS : The electrons whirl around the atom's nucleus at fantastic speeds, something like a planet in orbit (paths) travelling around the sun. The speed is causing the atom's negative electrons to make billions of trips around the nucleus in a millionth of a second.
The chemical properties of an atom are determined largely by how full or empty the outer electron shell is. For more information see:

http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/chemistry/electrons.html

KNOWN ELEMENTS :

Electrons : The neutral atoms of each element known to man have a definite number of electrons. The number of electrons determines the chemical behavior of the element. The electrons, themselves, have almost no mass. The mass of one electron in grams is written with a decimal point followed by 27 zeros and a 9. The electrons belong to the Lepton group.

Protons: The positively charged protons are in the Baryon group. All the atoms of a given element have the same number of protons. This number differs from other known elements. The protons in a atom's center equal the number of electrons whirling around the atom. In this way the positive protons and neutrons are equal to the negative electrons, so the atoms charge is electrically neutral, neither positive or negatively charged. A proton has a mass about 1, 836 times greater than an electron.

Neutrons : The positively charged neutrons resemble the protons is size and mass. They have no electrical charges.They are in the Baryon group. The neutron is unstable when outside the nucleus. This means if it should break free it can break down to for a new creation whether it is a proton, an electron, or a neutrino. The neutrons form a fundamental building block (almost like proteins of a cell) of the nucleus (DNA) and explain the difference in wight among isotopes of an element. (isotopes are like brothers, same family different weights). The neutron in an atom can very in weight and these are called isotopes. A heavy atom if split into two (like cutting a pie in half) to give two medium-sized atoms will release large amount of energy. Splitting a heavier atom into two is called fission. This process demonstrated that neutrons so liberated by fission can create a nuclear chain reaction.

HOW MESONS ARE CREATED : The mesons group are created by nuclear reactions, bombarding an atom with other atoms. They can be negative or positive charged. Some of them are called pi mesons and K mesons. Mesons might explain how the nucleous (DNA/brain) of the atom is held together. High energy accelerators discovered new fundamental particles, were found as the quark.

HOW NEUTRINOS ARE CREATED : The neutrinos are in the Lepton group. They have no electrical charge and no mass WHEN AT REST. The highly penetrating neutrinos are emitted during certain natural or man-made radioactive disintegration (breakdown) of nuclei, the center of the core of the atom, for example DNA or the genetic code.

THE HEAVY WEIGHTS OF ATOMS -- HYPERONS. The hyperons are unstalbe baryons. They are heavier than nucleons (the atom of protons, neutrons and electrons. They may be created positive, negative, or neutral electrical charges. The three different weights of hyperons are xi, sigma, and lambda.

ANTIPARTICLES: Commonly, most electrons have negative charges. But some electrons called positrons, have positive charges. When an X-ray strikes matter, it may create a pair of oppositely charged electrons. These electrons then attack each other and destroy each other on contact, and then return to high-energy radiation. Positrons are anti-particles of NEGATIVE ELECTRONS.

(Comment: WE see in the human blood, which are atoms, different blood types attacking each other. This happens for whatever the reasons called the rH factor. We also have increased same-type cells multiplying and not dying called cancer cells, this too is atoms not working to the benefit of the host).

Antiparticles for charged particle have the opposite charge. Antiparticles for uncharged particles, such as for the neutron and the neutrino, differ in other properties. When an antiparticle meets its anti-partner (opposite particle), the two destroy each other, releasing energy. If antiparticles formed atoms of antimatter, these atoms would have negatively charged nuclei surrounded by positrons with positive charges. (See anti-matter).

Atomic Number: Each atom has like an individual fingerprint, being called an certain element, and the element has its very own number of protons that make it what it is oxygen, or hydrogen. This atomic number never changes as to the original state of the element if separated from other elements if it ever combined with them. This atomic number determines an element's place in the periodic table of elements. The chart organizes the elements into groups with similar properties, see element, chemical.

Atomic Weight : Each atom's weight is compared with the weight of an atom of carbon-12. The weight of carbon-12 is arbitrarily set at 12 atomic mass units( the unites of atomic weight). On this scale, hydrogen weights 1.00797 mass units (amu). If an element composed of several isotopes have their weights added up and an average is taken, for example the atomic weight of chlorine is 35.453 amu. This is the average of two isotopes Cl35 (150mic weight 34.96885) and Cl 37 (atomic weight 36.96590) i the proportions in which they occur.

The MASS NUMBER: The mass number of an atom equals the total number of neutrons and protons in its nucleous (DNA, genetic code). This number is close to the atomic weight of the atom. For example, the mass number of the light chlorine isotope is 35. Its atomic weight is 34.96885 amu.

RADIOACTIVITY OF ATOMS: Some elements, including radium and uranium are naturally radioactive. That is, they give off rays of energy and streams of atomic particles from their nuclei. Scientists can make other elements radioactive by bombarding them with nuclear particles. Radiations given off after bombarding include alpha, beta, and gamma rays.

TRANSMUTATION OF ELEMENTS: When we change one element into another creation, this is called transmutation. This happens when the atomic number drops, the element becomes another kind of element. Radium can become radon. Radium atoms mass number of 226 and an atomic number of 88 (written 88 RA226) loses an alpha particle, it changes to an atom of mass number 222, and has an atomic number 86. The element of atomic number 86 is radon,not radium. Thus, radium transmutes (changes) to radon (86Rn222), when it loses an alpha particle. When scientists change an element they are doing this by bombarding particles into its nucleus (DNA, genetic code). It may give off a different particle or group of particles (energy, light, heat), or it may not give off any particles.

IONS AND IONIZATION : An atom is normally electrically neutral, harmless, not electrically charged positive or negative. This is because the positive nucleus (DNA, genetic code) is equally balanced by the electrons whirling around it are negative. The inner atom is tightly bound but the electrons outside the inner core are loosely bound. The negative electrons are vulnerable to be knocked out of the atom by violent collisions, as in an electrical discharge. An atone that loses an electron, that had a negative charge, and is now outside the atom's control, leave the atom positively charged. The negative charge electron is outside the atom's grasp, a wondering star, so to speak. The atom with the lost electron now has changed and has become a positively charge atom, called an ion. The loss or gain of electrons is called ionization.

(Reference to information is from World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. E, Elements, pages 172-175, 1979; and Vol. A, p 836-842, ibid).

___________________

AMINO ACIDS : Our bodies require about 22 amino acids to make human protein.

It can actually make 14 of these amino acids, if all body systems are healthy and fully active. The other 8 must come from food sources and are termed "essential". http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/hydro/140.htm

ATP. (ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATE). The prosthetic group of the enzyme hexokinase, which is involved in the fermentation of sugars such as Glucose.

AUTHORIZED COMPANY REPRESENTATIVE. The person authorized by the company to sign FDA registration and process filing forms on its behalf. That person should possess the knowledge necessary to answer technical questions concerning filed thermal sterilization processes for canned foods.

AUTOCLAVE. A vessel in which high temperatures can be reached by using high steam pressure. Bacteria are destroyed more readily at elevated temperatures, and autoclaves are used to sterilize food, for example, in cans.

AVAILABLE CHLORINE. The amount of active chlorine that a chlorine-bearing compound can release in a water solution. Chlorine in the form of a gas is totally available as chlorine.

Aw. A symbol for "water activity". See "WATER ACTIVITY.

B-CAROTENE. Pro-Vitamin A. A compound found naturally in many foods and also synthesized, which is converted by the human body into Vitamin A. See Vitamin A.

B VITAMINS. See VITAMIN B COMPLEX.

BACILLUS. A rod-shaped bacterium, varying in thickness from 1.100,000th to 1/10,000th of an inch, and in length from 1/25,000th to 1/1,000th of an inch. Some bacillus produce spores.

BACILLUS CEREUS. Spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, aerobic to facultative aerobic, proteolytic. It produces gastroenteritis caused by the release of an exoenterotoxin during lysis of B. cereus in the intestinal tract.

BACK PRESSURE DEVICE. A valve or orifice, which creates pressure when product is pumped against it.

BACTERIA. Bacterium: Single-celled microscopic organisms that usually reproduce by splitting in two (called fission).

See this Web Site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

BACTERICIDE. Any substance that destroys bacteria, although not necessarily the spores of bacteria.

BACTERIOSTATIC. Preventing the growth of bacteria without killing them.

BAFFLE. Partition or plate that changes the direction or restricts the cross section of a fluid, thus increasing velocity or turbulence.

BAKING POWDER. Leavening agent which acts through the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) during the baking process. Baking powder consists of sodium bicarbonate ( baking soda), an acid or an acid salt which reacts with the bicarbonate prior to and during baking to release the carbon dioxide, and starch to absorb moisture during storage.

BARRIER, GREASE RESISTANT. A material that prevents or retards the transmission of grease or oils.

BARRIER, WATER RESISTANT. A material that retards the transmission of liquid water.

BARRIER, WATER-VAPOR-RESISTANT. A material that retards the transmission of water vapor.

BASE. Alkaline substances (pH greater that 7.0) which yield hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution. See HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION.

BASE BOX. A unit of area of tin plate equivalent to 31.360 sq. in. The term "90# plate" means tin plate of such thickness that the above area weighs 90 lbs. considering commercial tolerances.

BASE PLATE PRESSURE. The force of the base plate holding the can body and end against the chuck during the seaming operation. In general has the following effect on the seaming formation:
Low Pressure - short body hook
High Pressure - Long body hook

BAUME. The name of one of the many hydrometer scales used for determining the relative density of liquids as compared to a standard liquid. There are two Baume scales: one for liquids lighter than water, the other for liquids heavier than water.

BEAD. A rounded depression around the surface of a container or end; used to stiffen or improve its appearance.

BEADED CAN. See also BEAD. A can reinforced by bead indentations in the body.

BEARING SURFACE. The portion of the container on which it rests

BENTONITE. A Colloidal clay used as an absorbent. Also used in model systems for determining rate of heat penetration.

BERIBERI. A deficiency disease caused by the absence or insufficient levels of B-complex vitamins in the diet.

BHA. Butylated Hydroxyanisole. An antioxidant.

BHT. Butylated Hyddroxytoluene. An antioxidant.

BIOASSAY. A test which uses animals or micro-organisms for determining the biological activity of certain substances or the presence or concentration of nutrients in food.

BIODEGRADABILITY. Susceptibility of a chemical compound to depolymerization by the action of biological organisms.

BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION. The process whereby, through the activity of living organisms in an aerobic environment, organic matter is converted to more biologically stable matter.

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD). Micro-organisms consume oxygen in their respiration. The BOD test determines uptake of oxygen by a contaminated material e.g., sewage, water, etc., as a measure of microbial activity.

BLANCHING. Heating by direct contact with hot water or live steam. It softens the tissues, eliminates air from the tissues, destroys enzymes, washes away raw flavors.

BLEACHING AGENTS. Used to whiten and "mature" flour and cheese in order to provide them with the characteristics necessary to produce an elastic, stable dough and neutralize colors which may be present in oils and fats.

BLOOD CELL . See Tissue

BMR. Basal Metabolic Rate. The amount of energy utilized per unit time under conditions of basal as metabolism; expressed as calories per square meter of body surface or per kg of body weight per hour.

B.O.D. see BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

BOTULISM. A poisoning caused by substances formed by the bacterium Clostridium Botulinum under under conditions of improper processing and storage or food. The spores of this bacterium are often found in soil and are likely to be present on soil-contaminated food.

BOUND WATER. Water chemically tied to food in the form of hydrates of inorganic salts of inorganic substances.

BRAN. Outer layers of the wheat kernel separated during milling.

BREAK-POINT CHLORINATION. Addition of chlorine to water beyond the point where chloramines are oxidized, and where further increases in the dosage of chlorine will result in a proportional increase of chlorine residual.

BRINE. Salt, sugar and water mixture in which most vegetables are canned. Water is not chlorinated.

BRITISH THERMAL UNIT, BTU. The British engineering unit of heat quantity. It is approximately the quantity of heat which will raise the temperature of 1 lb. Of water 1° F. BTU = 0.252 cal. = 1054 joules.

BRIX. The measure of density of a solution, more particularly a solution containing sucrose, as determined by a hydrometer. Degrees Brix equal percent sucrose in water solution at 20°C (68° F).

BRIX/ACID RATIO. The ratio of the degrees Brix of a juice or syrup to the grams of a specified organic acid contained in the liquid, per hundred grams of the liquid.

BROASTING. A food service process involving pressure frying. It is more rapid than regular deep fat frying and results in less absorption of fat.

BROILING. To cook by subjecting to direct radiant heat.

BROMELIN. Protein digesting enzyme found in pineapple juice and stem tissues.

BROTH MEDIUM. A liquid medium for growth of micro-organisms.

BROWNING REACTION. A reaction in foods, usually deteriorative, involving amino (e.g., from amino acids or proteins) and carbonyl (e.g., from glucose) groups; this reaction often leads to a brown discoloration and sometimes to off-flavors and changes in texture.

BTU. See BRITISH THERMAL UNIT.

BUDDING. a method of reproduction in Yeasts.

BUFFER. Any substance in a fluid which tends to resist the change in pH (hydrogen-ion concentration) when acid or alkali is added.

"C" ENAMEL. Interior coating designed to prevent discoloration with foods containing sulphur. This enamel contains zinc compounds, which react with liberated sulphur compounds to form white zinc sulphide thus eliminating discoloration.

CAFFEINE. An alkaloid present in coffee, tea and cola. It is a stimulant to the heart and central nervous system.

CALCIFEROL. See VITAMIN D.

CALCIUM. The most plentiful body mineral, important for structure and growth of bones and teeth. Assists in blood clotting. Important for proper functioning of nerves, muscles and heart. Good sources are milk, milk products, and leafy green vegetables.

CALCIUM PROPIONATE. A mold inhibitor.

CALCIUM STEARATE. An anticaking agent and emulsifier.

CALORIE. A unit of heat: the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a gram of water 1°C. Nutritionists use the large Calorie or kilo-Calorie (spelled with capital C). which is 1,000 calories. One calorie (kilo-Calorie)=4184 joules or 3,968 BTU.

CAPACITY. Measure, by volume, of the maximum amount that can be contained in a vessel.

CAPPER VACUUM EFFICIENCY. Ability of capper to produce vacuum in a sealed container.

CARBOHYDRATES. Nutrients that supply energy. They help the body use fats efficiently and decrease the need for protein by furnishing energy so that protein is used for more important functions. Important sources are starches, cereal grains, rice, potatoes, and sugars such as honey, molasses, table sugar, syrups, candies.

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM see Red blood cells: http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/biochemistry_frames.htm

CARBON DIOXIDE : Full Report at : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a waste product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars or fats with oxygen as part of their metabolism, in a process known as cellular respiration. This includes all animals, many fungi and some bacteria. In higher animals, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood (where most of it is held in solution) from the body's tissues to the lungs where it is exhaled.

Carbon dioxide, when breathed in high concentrations (about 5% by volume), is toxic to humans and other animals. Hemoglobin, the main molecule in red blood cells, can bind both to oxygen and to carbon dioxide. If the CO2 concentration is too high, then all hemoglobin is saturated with carbon dioxide and no oxygen transport takes place (even if plenty of oxygen is in the air). Carbon dioxide and dry ice should therefore only be handled in well ventilated areas.

The CO2 that is carried in blood can be find in different areas. 8% of CO2 is in the plasma as a gas. 20% of it is bound to hemoglobin, The CO2 bounded to hemolobin is not competing with oxygen binding since it binds to amino acids rather than hemo molecules. The remaining 72% of it is carried as bicarbonate HCO3- which is a buffer important in our pH regulation. The level of bicarbonate is regulated and if it is high then we breath more rapidly to get rid of the excess carbon dioxide.

The level of carbon dioxide/bicarbonate in the blood affects the thickness of the blood capillaries . If it is high, the capillaries expand and more blood rushes in and carries the excess bicarbonate to the lungs. To help avoid the loss of carbon dioxide to a deadly low level, the body has developed certain defensive mechanisms. These include contractions of the air pipes and blood pipes, and the increased production of mucus.

Plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by photosynthesis, which uses light energy to produce organic plant materials by combining carbon dioxide and water. This releases free oxygen gas. Sometimes carbon dioxide gas is pumped into greenhouses to promote plant growth.

CARCINOGEN. A cancer-causing agent.

CARRIERS. The part of the container-convey chain.

CARRAGEENAN. A colodial carbohydrate found in seaweeds. See AGAR.

CATALASE. An enzyme which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

CATALYST. Substance that alters the rate of chemical change and remains unchanged at the end of a reaction.

CATEDRINES. Colorless flavonoids which change readily to brownish pigments.

CATION. Positively charged ion such as K +, NH4+.

CATIONIC SURFACTANTS. Ionic surface active agents in which the portion that associates with the internal phase is the cation. They include simple amine salts, quaternary ammonium salts, amino imides and imidazolines. Cationic surfactants often have germicidal, anticorrosive, and antistatic properties.

CAVITY. Is the female component of a mold that forms the outside shape of an object when glass is introduced into mold. Molds may contain single cavities or multi-cavities. These cavities are produced by machining, hobbing or electrical discharge equipment.

CELL (BIOLOGY) Please visit this web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)

CELL DIAGRAM: Cell Membrane Cartoon Taken from Human Biology by Daniel Chiras http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/cellmemb.html

Other: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/pm_mos.htm

CELLS: Is the smallest organizational basic unit of life made up of a hereditary nuclear region surrounded by a cytoplasm, all kept in place by a phospholipid plasma membrane. http://www.pbcc.edu/faculty/mkpongo/1005T.htm#UNIT%20%201%20-

CELLULAR RESPIRATION : Please Visit this Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration

CELSIUS. (°c). Temperature on a scale of 100° between the freezing point (0°) and the boiling point (100°) of water.

CENTIMETER. (cm) . One hundredth of a meter. Equivalent to 0.3937 inches. One inch equals 2.54 cm.

CENTIPOISE. (cP). Unit of viscosity equal to 1/100 dyne/sec2/cm2.

CEPHALIN. A phospholipid whose composition is similar to that of lecithin; found in many living tissues, especially nervous tissue of the brain.

CERTIFIED COAL TAR COLORS. Synthetic food colors, each batch of which is certified as to its chemical nature and purity by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

CHALAZA. Membranous layer holding egg yolk to thick or thin albumen.

CHELATING AGENT. A substance which forms stable bonds with metal ions. See also EDTA and SEQUESTERING AGENTS.

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD). An indirect measure of the biochemical load exerted on the oxygen content of a body of water when organic wastes are introduced into the water. When the wastes contain only readily available organic bacterial food and no toxic matter, the COD values can be correlated with BOD values obtained from the same wastes.

CHILLING INJURY. Color or texture change on food surface resulting from over-exposure to low temperature.

CHLORAMINE. Any of various compounds containing nitrogen and chlorine.

CHLORINATION. Building up the chlorine content (as hypochlorous acid) to process or sanitize water supplies. See also IN-PLANT CHLORINATION and BREAK-POINT CHLORINATION.

CHLORINE DIOXIDE. A combination of chlorine added to water.

CHOLESTEROL. Cholesterol is a lipid or fat-like substance. A form of cholesterol is converted by sunlight on the skin to form vitamin D. Cholesterol is found only in animal tissues and animal fats.

CHROMATOGRAPHY. A physical analytical method of separating components in a mixture.

CIDER. Mildly fermented apple juice; nonalcoholic apple juice may also be labeled cider.

CITRUS. Fruits characterized by a thick rind, most of which is a bitter white pith (albedo) with a thin exterior layer of colored skin (zest); their flesh is segmented, juicy and varies from hitter to tart to sweet.

CIGUATOXIN. Ciguatera toxin found in shellfish.

CINNAMON. Barks of various species of the genus Cinnamomum; split off shoot, cured and dried.

CLARIFYING AGENTS. Substances, which aid in the removal of small particles of organic or inorganic matter from liquids. Vinegar often turns "cloudy" without the use of clarifying agents.

CLOSTRIDIA. Genus of spore forming bacteria. Clostridium botulinum is the most heat resistant of the food-poisoning organisms; its growth is inhibited at pH 4.6. Below, thus it is only a problem in low-acid foods. Produces an endotoxin, botulina, highly toxic in minute doses but destroyed by heat. Destruction of this organism is generally accepted as the minimum standard of processing for low-acid and medium-acid canned food, although other Clostridia are more heat-resistant.

CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS-C. PERFRINGENS (welchii), type A is a Gram-positive, anaerobe, spore-forming rod that causes a food infection, gastroenteritis, produced by the release of an enterotoxin. Perfringens grows optimally at 43° C to 47° C(110°F - 117°F).

Cm. CENTIMETER. Equivalent to 0.394 in.

COAGULANT. A material, which, when added to liquid wastes or water, creates a reaction which forms insoluble floc particles that absorb and precipate colloidal and suspended solids.

COCCUS. Type of bacteria. Plural "Cocci," A round cell, varying in diameter from 1/100,000th to 1/10,000th of an inch. There are various additions to this word, such as "staphylococci", meaning cocci occurring in groups, like bunches of grapes, and "streptococci" or cocci occurring in more or less long chains. Cocci do not produce spores. Certain streptococci and staphylocci cause food poisoning in fresh foods.

COHESIVE FAILURE OF LID STOCK. Occurs when the sealed layer of the heat sealed lid splits; when the lid is pealed, the polypropylene sealing layer of the lid breaks within itself and splits. Half of the sealing layer is removed with the lid, and about half remains on the flange surface.

COD (CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND). An indirect measure of the biochemical load exerted on the oxygen assets of a body of water when organic wastes are introduced into the water. It is determined by the amount of potassium dichromate consumed in a boiling mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids. The amount of oxidizable organic matter is proportioned to the potassium dichromate consumed. Where the wastes contain only readily available organic bacterial food and no toxic matter, the COD values can be correlated with BOD values obtained from the same wastes.

CODE, CAN. Canner's identification stamped in relief on canner's end. Also, can maker's identification stamped in relief on manufacturer's end.

COEXTRUSION. A combination of two or more thermoplastics extruded as an entity by special dyes or made by combining extruded thermoplastics before they harden into films.

COKE TIN PLATE. See TIN PLATE, COKE.

COLD BREAK. Breaking food into pieces at ambient temperatures to allow enzyme activity for a short time, and then heating to halt enzyme activity.

COLD STERILIZATION. See IRRADIATION.

COLD WATER VACUUM TEST. Method of checking capper vacuum efficiency.

COLIFORM BACTERIA. Group of aerobic bacteria of which Escherichia coli is the most important member. Many coliforms are not harmful, but as they arise from feces they are useful as test of contamination, particularly as a test for water pollution.

COLLAGEN. Connective tissue which holds muscle fibers together. See ELASTIN. http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/proteins.htm#enzymes

COLLOID. fine particles (the disperse phase) suspended in a second medium (the dispersion medium: can be solid, liquid, or gas suspended in solid, liquid, or gas).

COLLOID MILL. Machine used to homogenize or emulsify foods.

COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION. Two-phase system having small dispersed particles suspended in a dispersant.

COLORIMETRIC METHOD. Means of determining pH values with dyes.

COLONY. A microscopically visible growth of micro-organisms on a solid culture medium.

COMBINED RESIDUAL CHLORINE. Amount of chlorine loosely combined with nitrogenous matter in the water. It is the total residual minus the free residual chlorine.

COME-UP-TIME. The time which elapses between the introduction of steam into the closed retort and the time when the retort reaches the required processing temperature.

COMMERCIAL STERILITY (OF FOOD). The condition achieved by application of heat which renders such food free of viable forms of micro-organisms having public health significance, as well as any microorganisms of non-health significance capable of reproducing in the food under normal non-refrigerated conditions of storage and distribution. Commercial sterility of equipment and containers used for aseptic processing and packaging of food means the condition achieved by application of heat, chemical sterilant(s), or other appropriate treatment which render such equipment and containers free of viable forms of micro-organisms having public health significance as well as any microorganisms of non-health significance capable of reproducing in the food under normal non-refrigerated conditions of storage and distribution.

COMPOUND (IN CANS). A sealing material consisting of a water or solvent emulsion or solution of rubber, either latex or synthetic rubber. Placed in the curl of the canned end. During seaming operation, the compound fills the spaces in the double seams, sealing them against leakage and thus effecting a hermetic seal.

COMPRESSED CHLORINE GAS. Liquid chlorine gas under pressure in a portable cylindrical tank (100-150 pounds) with a valve to control its release.

CONGEAL. To change from a liquid to a semi-solid, non-fluid mass.

CONNECTIVE TISSUES. Tissues found throughout an animal's body that hold together and support other tissues such as muscles.
CONSISTENCY. Resistance of a fluid to deformation. For sample (Newtonian) fluids the consistency is identical with viscosity, for complex (non-Newtonian) fluids, identical with apparent viscosity.

CONSISTOMETER. One of the several types of instruments used to measure the consistency of foods.

CONTAMINATION. Entry of undesirable organisms into some material or container.

CONTAMINATION. The presence, generally unintentional, of harmful organisms or substances.

CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE (CA) STORAGE. Storage of foods in a hermetic warehouse where the concentrations of 02. . C0 2 and N2 are controlled at specific levels.

CONVECTION. Natural or forced motion in a fluid induced by heat or the action of gravity.

CONVERT. To change to lower molecular weight form, as by dextrinization, hydrolysis, etc.

CRITICAL DEFECT. A defect that provides evidence that the container has lost its hermetic condition or evidence that there is, or has been, microbial growth in the container's contents.

CRITICAL FACTOR. Any property, characteristic, condition, aspect, or other parameter, variation of which may affect the scheduled process delivered and thus the commercial sterility of the product. This does not include factors which are controlled by the processor solely for purposes of product appearance, quality, and other reasons which are not of public health significance.

CRUDE FIBER. The remaining substance measured by weight, after food materials are rigorously extracted with the hot acid and hot alkaline solvents. These remove food components from the original sample, leaving a residue which probably reflects the cellulose and lignin content of the food sample.

CRYOGENIC FREEZING. Very rapid freezing of food done by immersing or spraying with cold liquid, generally nitrogen at - 320ºF (196º C).

CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS. Liquid nitrogen and liquid carbon dioxide.

CRYPTOXANTHIN. One of the carotenoid plant pigments. Converted into Vitamin A in the animal body.

CULL. Product rejected because of inferior quality.

CULLET. Recycled broken glass that is used in the manufacture of new glass.

CULTURE. A population of micro-organisms cultivated in a medium: pure culture - single kind of micro-organism, mixed culture - two or more kinds of micro-organisms growing together.

CULTURE MEDIUM. (pl.: MEDIA). Any substance or preparation suitable for and used for the growth and cultivation of micro-organisms. Selective medium: a medium composed of nutrients designed to allow only growth of a particular type of micro-organism; broth medium: a liquid medium for growth microorganisms; agar medium: solid culture medium.

CURING. A food process used primarily for meat products such as ham consisting of the use of salts, sugar, and water to preserve food and provide certain quality attributes (desired texture, color, and flavor.)

CURING AGENTS. Salts and certain other compounds used to preserve meats such as ham, bacon, frankfurters, and bologna. Curing agents may modify the flavor and also stabilize the characteristic color of some meats.

DAIRY PRODUCTS. Include cow's milk and foods produced from cow's milk such as butter, yogurt, sour cream and cheese.

DECLINE PHASE. A period during which bacteria die at an accelerated rate, also known as the negative growth phase.

DECOCTION. (1) Boiling a food until its flavor is removed; (2) A procedure used for brewing coffee.

DIRECT CONTAMINATION. The contamination of raw foods in their natural setting or habitat.

DRUPES. See STONE FRUITS.

DRAINED WEIGHT, MAXIMUM. Weight of the solid portion of the product after draining the covering liquid for a specified time with the appropriate sieve.

DRY ICE. Carbon dioxide in solid state

EDTA. See ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRA-ACETIC ACID.

EFFLUENT. Wastewater or other liquid partially or completely treated or untreated, flowing out of a process operation, processing plant, or treatment.

EGG . An egg is the largest visible cell. The egg white, albumin should not be eaten raw. The egg yolk, can be eaten raw, if drained out of its membrane. For information on the egg, visit this web site: http://www.13.waisays.com/egg-yolk.htm * Albumin contains carbon, hyudrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. albumin hardens if it touches heavy metals or poisonous salts. As a result albumin can be used as an antidote when a person is poisoned by bichloride of mercury. The albumin, is a sticky gelatinlike substance. It is a protein. In an egg it is called ovalbumin. In milk it is called lactalbumin. In blood it is called serum albumin and is more than half of the proteins in blood serum. The albumin when used as a poison antidote works by covering the poison with a solid coating that the digestive juices cannot dissolve. (ref. P 317, Vol. A, World Book 1979. *Raw egg whites also bind to key B-complex vitamins so it is not wise to eat raw egg whites. See also other ingredients of the egg:

http://www.ohiopoultry.org/recipes_egg_eggadayok.htm and http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-001-02s0036.html

Egg White binding with mercury: http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0832755.html

ELASTIN. Connective tissues holding muscle fibers together. The principal component of elastic protein fiber see COLLAGEN.

ELASTIN. A protein found in connective tissues, particularly ligaments and tendons, it often appears as the white or silver covering on meats known as silver-skin; elastin does not dissolve when cooked.

ELECTRODES. The probes of a pH meter that are inserted into the food to measure the electrical potential indicating pH.
ELECTROLITE : A chemical compound whose water solution will conduct an electric current; chemical compound that ionizes, Acids, bases, and salsts are electrolytes. Electrolytes . . . may be defined as compounds which when molten or when in solution conduct the electric current and are decomposed by it (Monroe M. Offner). 2. a solution that will conduct an electric current. (electro + Greek lytos loosed).

ELECTROLYTIC. Denoting a coating of tin, electrodeposited upon the base metal. Electrolytic tin plate in use in the industry usually has coatings of approximately. 25. .50. .75 and 1.25 lbs. per base box.
ELECTROMETRIC METHOD. The use of a pH meter to determine pH value.

ELECTROMYOGRAPH . an instrument that records differences in the electrical potential of muscles. It is similar to the electrocardioigraph, the electromyograph picks up clicks from sick muscles and a deep gulp-gulp-gulp from sound ones (Marguerite Clark) (Electro + Greek mys, myos muscle + English - graph). WBD, ibid, p 680.

ELECTRON. A tiny particle carrying one unit of "negative" electricity; the unit charge of electricity found outside the nucleus of all atoms and having a mass about 1/1836 that of a proton. All atoms have electrons arranged about a nucleus. An electron may be positive (positron), gut as the term is generally used, it refers to the negative form (negatron). It is now recognized that the electrons do not always behave like tiny particles but sometimes manifest wave properties as well (P.E. Hodgeson) (see Atom Ion). (REF. World Book Dictionary Vol. A-K, p. 680).

ELECTROSCOPE . a device that indicates the presence of minute charges of electricity and shows whether the are positive or negative.

ELECTROPHORESIS. Migration of the electrically charged particles toward the oppositely charged electrode.

ELEMENTS, ESSENTIAL. See ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS.

ELEMENDORF TEST. A test for measuring the tearing resistance of paper, paperboard, tape, and other sheet materials.

EMBOSS(-ED),(-ING). Raised design or lettering on the surface of an object.

EMULSIFIER (EMULSION). A compound or substance which promotes and stabilizes a finely divided dispersion of oil and water.

EMULSION. System consisting of two incompletely miscible liquids, one being dispersed as finite globules in the other. A small amount of a third substance may render the dispersion stable. The liquid broken up into globules is the dispersed (discontinuous) phase; the surrounding liquid is the external (continuous) phase.

EMULSIFICATION. The process by which generally unmixable liquids, such as oil and water, are forced into a uniform distribution.

EMULSION. (1) A uniform mixture of two unmixable liquids; (2) Flavoring oils such as orange and lemon, mixed into water with the aid of emulsifiers.

ENDOSPERM. The largest part of a cereal grain and a source of protein and carbohydrates (starch); it is the part used primarily in milled products.

ENAMEL. A vitreous or paint-like composition used as a protective coating usually baked onto the packaging material before fabrication into the finished container. On the inner surface of metal containers its purpose is to protect either the contents or the container. On the outer surface its purpose is to prevent corrosion or to decorate.

ENDOSPERM. Structural component of cereal grains made up mostly of starch and some protein.

ENDOTOXIN. A toxin produced with an organism liberated only when the organism disintegrates.

ENGINEERED FOODS. See FABRICATED FOODS.

ENRICHED. A term which refers to the addition of specific nutrients to a food as established in a standard of identity and/or quality.

ENTEROTOXIN. A toxin specific for cells of the intestine. Gives rise to symptoms of food poisoning.

ENZYMATIC BROWNING. The darkening of plant tissues or products produced by enzymatic reactions.

ENZYME . A compound of biological origin which accelerates a specific chemical reaction.

http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/proteins.htm#enzymes

ENZYME : Enzymes break down fat, carbohydrate, and protein into their basic building blocks so that the body can digest and use them. Without enzymes, even the most balanced natural foods diet would be worthless - because the food cannot be digested and used by the body.

http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/new/dienzyme.htm

ENZYMATIC BROWNING. See ACIDULATION.

ENZYMES Proteins that aid specific chemical reactions in plants and animals.

ENZYMES : Please see this web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme

EPA. Environmental Protection Agency.

EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT. The moisture content of a substance at which it will neither gain nor lose moisture in an atmosphere having given relative humidity.

EQUILIBRIUM pH. The pH of the macerated (thoroughly blended) Contents of the product container. (See Maximum pH and normal pH).

EQUILIBRIUM RELATIVE HUMIDITY. The relative humidity of the ambient atmosphere surrounding a substance when the substance neither gains nor loses moisture.

ERGOSTEROL. Pro Vitamin D. Irradiated ergosterol has served as a Vitamin D source for food enrichment.

ESCHERICHIA COLI. The strains of E. coli that produce an enteropathogenic food poisoning syndrome.

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS. Those elements necessary to maintain normal metabolic functions. Some are required in trace quantities (such as iron, copper and zinc), while others are required in larger amounts (such as calcium and magnesium).

ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS. Nutrients that must be provided by food because the body cannot or does not produce them in sufficient quantities.

ESSENTIAL OILS. Flavor concentrates from spices or herbs which are generally produced by steam distillation and have no relatively high boiling constituents present.

ESTER. An organic compound formed by the reaction of an acid and an alcohol. Many flavoring agents are esters.

ETHANOL AND OTHER DRUGS: http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/biochemistry_frames.htm

ACUTE Consumption: Ethanol may increase the effects of other drugs by interfering with their metabolism in the liver, thereby increasing their effects.
- Barbiturates have a dangerous effect with alcohol because their half-life is increased in the presence of alcohol.
- The synergistic effect of both EtOH + Barbiturates together is to induce sleep.
CHRONIC alcohol effect may actually decrease the effects of other drugs.

Can be seen in acetaminophen toxicity which can lead to hepatic necrosis.

ETHYLENE OXIDE. A gas used to accelerate ripening of certain fruits. Also produced naturally by fruits during the ripening process.

ETHLYENE GAS. A colorless, odorless hydrocarbon gas naturally emitted from fruits and fruit-vegetables that encourages ripening.

ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRA-ACETIC ACID (EDTA). Forms stable complexes with metals, hence called sequestering agent or chelating agent. Its calcium and sodium salts are used in foods to sequester traces of metallic impurities that cause food deterioration.

ETHYL VANILLIN. A flavoring agent.

EVAPORATION. The process by which heated water molecules move faster and faster until the water turns to a gas (steam) and vaporizes; evaporation is responsible for the drying of foods during cooking.

EXTRACTS. Concentrated mixtures of ethyl alcohol and flavoring oils such as vanilla, almond and lemon.

EUTECTIC. A solution which has a melting point below that of any of the components taken separately.

EUTECTIC POINT. Temporary point at which a substance exists simultaneously in the solid, liquid, and gaseous states.

EUTHROPHICATION. Applies to lake or pond becoming rich in dissolved nutrients, with seasonal oxygen deficiencies.

EXOTOXIN. A toxin excreted by a microorganism into the surrounding medium.

FACULTATIVE BACTERIA. Bacteria which can exist and reproduce under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

FAO of UN. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FATS. A nutrient providing the most concentrated source of energy, weight for weight supplying more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates or proteins. Fats are the molecular combination of glycerol and certain fatty acids.

For More on Fats, Visit this web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat

FATTY ACIDS, ESSENTIAL. Name for two fatty acids, linoleic and arachidonic. They are dietary essentials.

FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

FERMENTATION. The action of microorganisms upon foods. Anaerobic respiration. Usually fermentation is undesirable, but sometimes it is produced intentionally, such as in the manufacture of vinegar from apple cider.

FIBER. See DIETARY FIBER and CRUDE FIBER.

FICIN. A protein digesting enzyme found in figs.

FILLING TEMPERATURE. Temperature of product at the time a container is filled.

FINISHED EQUILIBRIUM PH. pH of the finished food.

FIRMING AGENTS. Substances used to aid the coagulation of certain cheeses and to improve the texture of processed fruits and vegetables which might otherwise become soft.

FISH FLOUR. See FISH MEAL.

FISH MEAL. Ground up and dehydrated parts of fish not normally used for human food. Also made from whole fish of low market value. Not considered fit for human food in the U.S. Used as animal feed.

FLASH-PASTEURIZATION. Process in which the material is held at a much higher temperature than in normal pasteurization, but for a considerably shorter period.

FLATUS FACTORS. Substances contributing to the production of flatulence.

FLAT-SOURS. Thermophilic and thermoduric bacteria, facultative anaerobes, that attack carbohydrates with the production of acids, but without gas formation. Flat-sour spoiled canned foods therefore show no swelling of the ends.

FLAVEDO. The colored outer layer of citrus fruit peel, it contains the oil sacs and fruit pigments.

FLAVONOIDS. Pigments and color precursors commonly present in fruits and vegetables. They include the purple, blue, and anthoxanthins, and the colorless catechins and leucoanthocyanins.

FLAVOR. Attributes of food quality which the consumer evaluates with his senses of taste and smell.

FLAVORING AGENTS. Substances added to foods to enhance or change the taste of the food. This largest group of food additives includes spices, seeds, natural and synthetic flavor concentrates, and many others.

FLOCCULATION. The process of forming larger masses from a large number of finer suspended particles.

FLOTATION. Removal of solids, oil, or fat from wastewater by causing the material to float to the water surface with the aid of heat or entrained air.

FLOTATION GRADER. Equipment for grading peas and Lima beans in a brine solution or water.

FLOUR, ALL-PURPOSE. Flour which can be used for making bread, cakes, or other baked bread type products.

FLOW DIVERSION VALVE. A valve cluster used to divert potentially non-sterile product away from the filler.

FLUIDITY. Reciprocal of viscosity.

FLUMING. In-plant transportation of product or waste material through water conveyance.

FLUORIDATION. Process of adding traces of sodium fluoride to drinking water to arrest or prevent dental decay.

FLUX. Chemical used to aid in soldering by removing the oxides.

FNB. Food and Nutrition Board. A branch of the National Academy of Scientists-National Research Council.

FOAM SEPARATION. Synonymous with flotation.

FOAMING AGENT. Surface-active material that is used specifically to form a dispersion of a gas in a liquid or solid medium.

FOOD ADDITIVE. Any substance intentionally or incidentally added to food to protect, modify or enhance some quality attribute, or preserve the freshness of the product.

FOOD ANALOGS. Fabricated foods resembling well-accepted animal or plant foods.

FOOD CHEMICALS CODEX. A set of standards for purity of food chemicals in terms of maximum allowable trace contaminants, and methods of analysis for the contaminants. Prepared by the Food Protection Committee of the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council.

FOOD COLORS. Synthetic or natural substances added to foods to enhance the natural color of the food, or to give the food a color.

FOOD INFECTION. An illness caused by an infection produced by invasion, growth and damage to the tissue of the host due to the ingestion of viable pathogenic microorganisms associated with the food.

FOOD INTOXICATION. An illness resulting from the ingestion of bacterial toxin with or without viable cells. The illness does not require actual growth of cells in the intestinal tract.

FOOD POISONING. A general term applied to all stomach or intestinal disturbances due to food contaminated with certain microorganisms or their toxins.

FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. The field of study concerned with the application of science and technology to the processing, preservation, packaging, distribution, and utilization of foods and food products.

FOODSERVICE SYSTEM. A facility where large quantities of food intended for individual service and consumption are routinely provided, completely prepared. The term includes any such place regardless of whether consumption is on or off the premises and regardless of whether or not there is a charge for the food.

FOLIC ACID. The vitamin of the "B" group, essential in the synthesis of certain amino acids. Liver, yeast, and cheese are good sources.

FORTIFIED. Food to which specific nutrients have been added. Also "enriched".

FREEZE DRYING. A process of dehydration in which the moisture is removed by the sublimation of ice from the frozen product.

FRUCTOSE. An alternative chemical name for levulose.

FRUIT. The edible organ that develops from the ovary of a flowering plant and contains one or more seeds (pips or pits).

FRUIT-VEGETABLES. Foods such as avocados, eggplants, chile peppers and tomatoes that are botanically fruits but are most often prepared and served like vegetables.

Cell Structure of plants, and colors: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~cfford/101Vegetables.htm

Chlorophyll (green)

Carotenoids (red, orange, yellow) Carrots, sweet potatoes, cantelope

Lycopene is dark red carotenoid in tomatoes, watermellon

Anthocyanin (red-blue, purple) red cabbage, eggplant, raspberries

Anthoxanthin (white) cauliflower, onions, potatos

Betalaine: red pigment in beets

Pigments react with acid and metal to change color

Use stainless steel or glass pans: not aluminum or cast iron

Tin cans have lacquer coating: prevent reaction with metal

Tannins: brown pigments that add color and astringent flavor to food

http://www.public.iastate.edu/~cfford/101Vegetables.htm

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FSIS. Food Safety and Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

FUMIGANTS. Substances used to control growth of insects or microorganisms on foods.

FUNGI. A large group of plants ranging from single-celled organisms to giant mushrooms; the most common are molds and yeasts.

Fungi or Fungus See This Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus

FUNGICIDAL AGENT. Destroys existing fungal cells.

FUNGICIDE. Any substance that destroys fungi or inhibits the growth of spores or hyphae. Legally, sometimes the term is interpreted as also including yeasts and bacteria.

FUNGISTATIC AGENT. Prevents growth of fungi (molds) without necessarily killing the existing cells.

GASTRONOMY. The art and science of rating well.

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT : Please visit this web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract

GELATIN. A tasteless and odorless mixture of proteins (especially collagen) extracted from bones, connective tissues and other animal parts; when dissolved in a hot liquid and then cooled, it forms a jellylike substance; used as a thickener and stabilizer.

GEOTRICHUM. The name of a mold that can grow on food machinery.

GERM. A microorganism: a microbe usually thought of as a pathogenic organism.

GERMICIDE. Substance that will kill all ordinary microorganisms that cause disease, but that is not necessarily capable of destroying bacterial spores.

GLIADEN. See GLUTEN.

GLUCOSE. An important energy source for the body; also known as blood sugar.

GLUTEN. A tough elastic substance created when flour is moistened and mixed; it gives structure and strength to baked goods and is responsible for their volume, texture and appearance. The proteins necessary for gluten formation are glutenin and gliaden.

GLUTENIN. See GLUTEN

GLUCOSE. An alternate chemical name for dextrose. A name given to corn syrups which are obtained by the action of acids and/or enzymes on corn starch.

GLUTAMATE SODIUM. Sodium salt of glutamic acid, an amino acid. Enhances the flavor of some foods. Frequently added to soup mixes, meat products, and certain other foods. (See MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE (MSG)

GLYCERIDES. Organic compounds resulting from the reaction of a fatty acid and glycerol. Mono and diglycerides are used as emulsifying agents. Among the triglycerides are the fats and oils.

GLYCOGEN. A sugar stored in the liver of animals.

GOITER. A condition produced by a shortage of iodine in the diet.

GOITROGENIC AGENTS. Any substance capable of initiating or promoting goiter.

GOSSYPOL. A toxic yellow pigment found in cottonseed.

GRAIN. Measure of weight equivalent to 0.0648 grams.

GRAM (g). Metric unit of weight equal to 0.035 ounces. One kilogram is equivalent to 1,000 grams, and one pound equals 453.6 grams.

GRAS. Generally Recognized as Safe.

GUAR GUM. A stabilizer, thickener, and emulsifier.

GUM. Class of colloidal substances that is exuded by plants.

GUM ARABIC . A stabilizer, thickener, and emulsifier derived from Acacia family of trees or woody plants.

HACCP SYSTEM. (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points). An inspectional approach that determines what points in the process are critical for the safety of the product and how well the firm controls these points.

HALOPHILIC. Can grow or survive in a medium with a relatively high salt concentration.

HEMOGLOBIN : http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/proteins.htm#enzymes See Muscle iron/oxygen Myloglobin

HEPATITIS, INFECTIOUS. An infectious disease produced by a virus found in polluted waters and in shellfish growing in such waters. Also transmitted by unsanitary handling and preparation of other foods.

HEPARIN. Heteropolysaccharide -- natural anti-coagulantsubstance It thins the blood. It is alleged produced in the lungs and in the liver

http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/biochemistry_frames.htm

HISTIDINE. One of the essential amino acids.

HOMOGENIZATION. The process by which milk fat is prevented from separating out of milk products.

HOMOGENIZATION. The process of making incompatible or immiscible components into a stabilized uniform suspension in a liquid medium.

HOMOGENIZER. Mixing machine used for the preparation of emulsions of fine particle size. The emulsion is forced at high pressure through the annular space between an adjustable valve and its seat.

HORMONES. An internal secretion produced by the endocrine glands, secreted directly into the bloodstream to exercise a specific physiological action on other parts of the body. Many are made synthetically.

HULL. Also known as the husk, the outer covering of a fruit, seed or grain.

HPLC. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. An instrument for food chemical analysis.

HTST PROCESS. Pasteurization or sterilization process characterized by high temperature applied for a short time.

HUMECTANT. A substance that is used to help maintain moisture in foods. Humectants are added to such foods as shredded coconuts and marshmallows.

HYBRID. The result of crossbreeding different species that are genetically unalike; it is often a unique product.

HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION. Acidity or alkalinity of a solution measured by the concentration of hydrogen ions present. Also called pH.

HYDROGEN SWELL. Swell resulting from hydrogen generated in the can as a result of a reaction of the product with the metal of the can.

HYDROLYSIS. Process of splitting a molecule into smaller parts by chemical reaction with water.

HYDROMETER DENSIMETER. Device used for the measurement of sspecific gravity or density.

HYDROPHILIC. Attracted to water: Water soluble.

HYDROSTATIC RETORT. A still retort in which pressure is maintained by water legs; it operates at constant steam temperature while containers are continuously conveyed through it for the required process time.

HYGROMETER. An instrument for measuring relative humidity or available water.

HYGROSCOPIC. Absorbs water from water vapor in atmosphere.

HYPHAE. See MOLDS.

HYDROGENATION. The process used to harden oils: Hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fat molecules, making them partially or completely saturated and thus solid at room temperature.

HYDROMETER. A device used to measure specific gravity; it shows degrees of concentration on the Baumé scale.

HYGROSCOPIC. The characteristic of a food to readily absorb moisture from the air.
HYPOCHLORITE. Combination of chlorine with either sodium or calcium hydroxide to give a desired level of available chlorine.

roperly. Inside diameter or inside dimension.

LECITHIN . is any one of a group of fatty substances found in plant or animal tissues. Lecithins are obtained especially from egg yolk, soybeans, and corn. They are used in candy, drugs cosmetics, and paints. Lecithin is composed of nitrogen and phosphorus and is found especially in nerve cells and brain tissues. (Greek lekithos egg yolk + English -in). WBD, p. 1194

LECTIN . a substance that causes agglutination* of cells (clumping together that they may cause a stroke or heart attack), especially red blood cells, obtained from seeds and other parts of certain plants. *agglutination...the process of agglutinating, especially the clumping together of bacteria or red blood cells, caused usually by the introduction of antibodies to such cells. a mass or group formed by the sticking together of separate things. agglutinin an antibody that causes bacteria or blood cells to stick together in clumps.

LIVER : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver

LUNG : See this Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung

INFECTION. In the food safety context, a disease caused by the ingestion of live pathogenic bacteria that continue their life processes in the consumer's intestinal tract.

IFT. Institute of Food Technologists. The professional society of food scientists and technologists in the U.S.A.

IMPACT STRENGTH. The ability of a material to withstand mechanical shock.

IMPULSE. A sealing method utilizing rounded sealing bars that are not hot enough to form a seal until after the two sealing surfaces have been pressed together.

INCUBATION. Holding cultures of microorganisms under conditions favorable to their growth. Also, the holding of a sample at a specified period of time before examination.

INCUBATION TIME. The time period during which microorganisms inoculated into a medium are allowed to grow.

INDICATOR. Usually refers to a pH indicator. Various dyes change color at specific degree of acidity or alkalinity and this color change is used as an indicator of pH.

INDUCTION. A sealing method that employs the generation of a current in an electromagnetic field. The electrical resistance creates heat that fuses the lid to the container flange.

INHIBITION. Prevention of growth or multiplication of microorganisms, or prevention of enzyme activity.

INITIAL TEMPERATURE (IT). The average temperature of the contents of the coldest container to be processed at the time the sterilizing cycle begins, as determined after thorough stirring or shaking of the filled and sealed container.

INOCULATED TEST PACK. Scientific procedure, a product to which bacterial spores are added to confirm a theoretical process under actual plant conditions.

INOCULATE. The artificial introduction of microorganisms into a growth medium. This can refer to the introduction of test organisms into a growth medium. This can refer to the introduction of test organisms to food, to the accidental introduction of organisms to food, or to the start of yeasts or other desirable cultures such as yogurt. See INOCULUM.

INOCULUM. The material containing microorganisms used for inoculation.

INOSITOL. A growth factor with properties similar to vitamins, generally listed with vitamins of the B complex.

IODOPHOR. A combination of iodine with a wetting agent that slowly releases free iodine in water.

ION. An electrically charged particle.

IN-PLANT CHLORINATION. Chlorination beyond the break-point of water used in a food plant, usually to a residual of 5 to 7 ppm.

INSECTICIDE. Substance used to kill or control insects. Many are of a long-lasting nature. Care is required in the use of insecticides.

INTERFERON : A protein made in response to viral infections. It stimulates neighboring cells to make anti-viral proteins. The last gasp for cells to survive viral attacks. (For full report see: http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/biochemistry_frames.htm

The virus infects the host cell and triggers it to express interferon.
Interferon goes to neighboring cells and induces them to express anti-viral protein (AVP).
AVP will halt the attack, ultimately by two means: by degrading viral mRNA and by halting protein synthesis in the host cell.
- 2-5A Synthase: This protein will create 2-5A (2'-5" Adenine RNA chain) upon attack by the virus.
  - The 2-5A then activates an endonuclease that degrades mRNA, including the viral mRNA.
- eIF2 Kinase is another anti-viral protein. It phosphorylates the alpha-subunit of e-Initiation Factor 2, halting protein synthesis and thus killing the virus.

INTERNATIONAL UNITS (I.U.) A quantity of a vitamin, hormone, antibiotic, or other substance that produces a specific internationally accepted biological effect.

INTOXICATION. The adverse physiological effects on an organism of consuming a toxic material.

INTOXICATION. In the food safety context, a disease caused by the toxins that bacteria produce during their life processes.

INVERT. OR INERT SUGAR. The mixture of equal parts of dextrose and levulose produced by the action of acid or enzymes on solutions of sucrose.

INVERTASE. An enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of sucrose into glucose (dextrose) and fructose (levulose).

ION. Electrically charged portion of matter of atomic or molecular dimensions.

ION EXCHANGE. A reversible chemical reaction between a solid and a liquid by means of which ions may be interchanged between the two. It is in common use in water softening and water de-ionizing.

IRRADIATION. A preservation method used for certain fruits, vegetables, grains, spices, meat and poultry in which ionizing radiation sterilizes the food, slows ripening and prevents sprouting.
IRON. A mineral needed in small amounts. Iron is a vital part of hemoglobin; the red substance of blood which carries oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues, and assists the body cells in releasing energy from food. Important natural sources are liver, kidney, muscle meats, dry beans, whole grains, enriched breads and cereals, and dark green leafy vegetables.

IRON: THE MAJOR MICROMINERAL For the full report visit: http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/biochemistry_frames.htm

IRON UTILIZATION CYCLE
- Red Blood Cells lyse and get phagocytosed. Hemoglobin is disposed as bilirubin, while iron is recycled.
- Phagocytes release iron into the blood.
- Transferrin picks the iron up and sends it back to the BONE MARROW
- Bone Marrow then utilizes it to make more red blood cells.
TRANSPORT: TRANSFERRIN = Major plasma protein synthesized / secreted by the liver. It has a fairly short half-life and can thus be used to monitor liver function.
STORAGE:
- FERRITIN: Primarily found in liver and bone-marrow. These are two important storage tissues for iron.
  - In storage, iron is actually converted to Ferric Oxyhydroxide Crystal (Fe(III)OOH)
  - This allows Ferritin to polymerize around iron in a ring-like fashion and make sure it is not floating around free which we don't want, as it could promote reactive oxygen species.
- HEMOSIDERIN: Found in many tissues, represents long-term storage of iron.
IRON UPTAKE by CELLS : Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis.
- Iron-Transferrin Complex is taken up through clathrin coats.
- The Endosome is acidified and only the Fe⁺³ is released in the ferric state.
- Both the Transferrin and Receptor are recycled back to membrane.
REGULATION OF IRON-LEVELS: Levels of Ferritin and of the Transferrin-Receptor are regulated.
- THE PLAYERS:
  - Iron-Response Element (IRE) is a region of mRNA on both Ferritin and Transferrin-Receptors.
    - It is located upstream (5'-end) in Ferritin, so that binding to it stops translation.
    - It is located downstream (3' end) in the Transferrin-Receptor, so that binding to it stabilizes the mRNA and allows it to translate more protein.
  - Iron-Response Element Binding-Protein (IRE-BP): ACONITASE. The protein that binds to IRE to control levels of Ferritin has been shown to be Aconitase, from the TCA cycle.
- IRON LEVELS TOO LOW:
  - Iron-Response Element binds to Ferritin mRNA ------> Stop translation of Ferritin. This will hopefully mobilize more iron out of storage.
  - Iron-Response Element binds to Transferrin Receptor ------> Stabilize it ------> Translate more receptor. This will increase the rate of iron-endocytosis by cells.
- IRON LEVELS TOO HIGH: Don't make any Iron-Response Element. Ferritin levels go down due to their half-life. Transferrin receptors at normal levels.
IRON DEFICIENCY: IRON-DEFICIENT ANEMIA
- Commonly seen in premature infants, and commonly caused by chronic disorders of the GI-Tract (ulcers etc.)
- SYMPTOMS: LOW HEMATOCRIT + ANEMIA. Not much hemoglobin being made.
  - First, less iron storage
  - Then, the bone marrow will start to make fewer red blood cells for lack of iron to put in hemoglobin.
  - Iron-Deficient Anemia is defined as hemoglobin concentration more than two standard deviations below normal.
HEMOCHROMATOSIS: Too much iron.
- Symptoms:
  - High levels of Hemosiderin and Ferritin.
  - Oxidative damage to cardiac muscle / heart tissue is biggest concern.
- Causes: May be genetic.
  - beta-Thalassemia can cause it. If we don't have much beta-globin, then less iron will be mobilized, putting a potential overload in the blood stream.
- Treatment: Drugs which chelate excess iron.

See Anemia. Anemia is low blood volume. Insufficient blood is getting to the brain. This lost blood can be caused in a child at birth by the doctors doing early umbilical cord clamping. Motive . They are selling the trapped blood in the placenta, and they sell the placenta too. Or, the doctors are allowed to work at hospitals, if they agree to be an agent for the hospital in collecting the placenta organ for a fee and by trapping the blood in the placenta and as an paid or unpaid agent turn the placenta over to the hospital to discard it as they please. Diseased blood and organ may be burned, but otherwise, without informed consent the placenta and its contents are harvested to the highest bidders.

ISO-ELECTRIC POINT. The pH value at which precipitation of a certain protein occurs.

ISOLEUCINE. One of the amino acids that are essential for humans.

Isotope . An atom with a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons than another atom. Isotopes, thus can be said to have the same atomic number but different mass number. All isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties. However some are radioactive. Isotopes are useful in medicine, biochemistry and in paleontology.

JAM. Product made by cooking to a suitable consistency. Properly prepared fruit with sugar, or sugar and dextrose, with or without water. No less than 45 lbs. fruit are used to each 55 lbs. of sugar or sugar and dextrose. Sometimes pectin and/or an acid are also added.

JELLY. Fruit jelly is the semisolid, gelatinous product made by concentrating to a suitable consistency the strained juice or strained water extract from fruit, with sugar, or sugar and dextrose added. Sometimes pectin and/or an acid is also added. No less that 45 lbs. fruit are used to each 55 lbs. sugar or sugar and dextrose.

JOULE. Unit of energy. One joule is equivalent to 0.239 gram calories or 0.000,948 Btu.

KRAFT. A term derived from a German word meaning strength, applied to pulp, paper, or paperboard produced from virgin wood fibers by the sulphate process.

KWASHIORKOR. Term used to describe a syndrome which includes retarded growth and maturation, alterations in the skin and hair, and other changes caused by an extreme deficiency of protein intake. Occurs mostly in infants and young children.

L PLATE. A type of steel similar to MR but especially low in copper and phosphorus, normally used as base for 1.50# or heavier Hot Dip plate where exceptional corrosion resistance is needed.

L. ACIDOPHILUS. Bacteria used to produce buttermilk. One of the lactic acid producing bacteria.

LACQUER. See ENAMEL

LACTOSE. A white, crystalline sugar found in milk. It is less sweet than sucrose.

LATENT HEAT. The quantity of heat, measured in B.T.U.'s or calories, necessary to change the physical state of a substance without changing its temperature, such as in distillation. A definite quantity of heat, the latent heat, must be removed from water at 0°C (32°F) to change it to ice at 0°C.

LEACH. To subject to the action of percolating water on other liquid in order to separate soluble components.

LEAVENING. Yeasts or a blend of approved food additives used to raise dough in baking. See BAKING POWDER.

LECITHIN. A fatty substance (lipid) found in nerve tissue, blood, milk, egg yolk and some vegetables. Used as an emulsifier.

LECITHIN. A natural emulsifier found in egg yolks.

LETHAL. Capable of causing death.

LEUCINE. One of the amino acids that are essential for humans.

LEVULOSE. A highly soluble, simple sugar containing 6 carbon atoms. It is sweeter than sucrose.

LIGNIN. A tough, fibrous material found in older plant cell walls.

LIQUEUR. A strong, sweet, syrupy alcoholic beverage made by mixing or redistilling neutral spirits with fruits, flowers, herbs, spices or other flavorings; also known as a cordial.

LIQUOR. An alcoholic beverage made by distilling grains, vegetables or other foods; includes rum, whiskey and vodka.

LITER. The basic unit of volume in the metric system, equal to slightly more than a quart.

LIME. Calcium oxide, a caustic white solid, which forms slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) when combined with water

LINOLEIC ACID. An unsaturated fatty acid occurring as a glyceride in vegetable oils. Essential in human nutrition.

LIPID. Fats, phospholipids, waxes and other organic compounds often containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen.

LIQUID SUGAR. A concentrated solution of refined sucrose or of a mixture of sucrose and invert sugar.

LOT. Amount of product produced during a period of time indicated by a specific code.

LOW-ACID FOODS. Any foods, other than alcoholic beverages, with a finished equilibrium pH value greater than 4.6 and a water activity greater than 0.85 and also includes any normally low-acid fruits, vegetables, or vegetable products in which for the purpose of thermal processing the pH value is reduced by acidification. (Tomatoes, pears, and pineapples or the juices thereof, having a pH less than 4.7 and figs having a pH of 4.9 or below shall not be classed as low-acid foods.)

LYCOPENE. A pigment contribution to the red of tomatoes, watermelons, and other foods.

LYE. A strong alkaline solution. Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) is the most common lye.

LYE PEELING. Peeling a fruit or vegetable by soaking briefly in hot diluted sodium hydroxide, then scrubbing off the softened peel.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Please Visit This Web Site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system

LYPASE. An enzyme, which promotes the breakdown of fats.

LYSINE. One of the amino acids that are essential for humans.

LYSOGENTIC : destroys cell membranes.

LYSOLECITHIN : kills red cells snake poison.

LYSOSOME : digestive system of the cell.

LYSOZYME : Enzymelike substance in the nose, tears, and most body fluids that destroy bacteria. found in egg white. See Interferon.

MACRONUTRIENTS. Nutrients which are required in relatively large amounts by humans to maintain normal growth and other body functions.

MAJOR DEFECT. A defect that results in a container that does not show visible signs of having a lost its hermetic condition, but the defect is of such magnitude that it may have lost its hermetic condition.

MAILLARD REACTION. A group of organic reactions, especially between amino acids and reducing sugars, is producing brown color and flavor changes in many foods materials. Also known as non-enzymatic browning.

MALIC ACID. A fruit acid found mostly in apples.

MALEICHYDRAZIDE: Stops sprouting in potatoes and onions, kills weeds. See Thalidomide.

MALT. Sprouted, dried barley used in the brewing industry to help digest starches into sugars.

MAMMOTH GRADER. Larger drum, perforated with graded holes, in which pears are graded progressively by size.

MARGARINE. A table spread made basically of an emulsion of water in oil with milk, common salt, coloring and flavoring substances, and betacarotene (pro-Vitamin A).

MATURATION. The process of developing quality in a product by aging under certain conditions.

MATURE. Fully grown and developed.

MATURING AGENTS. See BLEACHING AGENTS

MAYONNAISE. A food product made basically of an oil-in-water emulsion with egg yolk, vinegar, common salt, and flavoring and coloring ingredients.

MC STEEL. The type of steel similar to MR, but which has been rephosphorized to give it greater stiffness at the expense of some of its anti-corrosive properties.

MDR. See MINIMUN DAILY REQUIREMENTS.

MEAN. The average value of a number of observed data.

MEDIUM. SELECTIVE. A medium composed of nutrients designed to allow only growth of a particular type of microorganism.

MELTING. The change from the solid to the liquid state. Also the softening of harder compounds.

MERCURY-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER (MIG.) Reference instrument which indicates retort temperature.

MERCURY : Mercury is added to products to stop things from growing. The Problem with Mercury http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/hydro/hg.htm

MESOPHILIC BACTERIA. Grow best at temperatures between 75° and 105°F: usually will not grow at temperatures below 50° or above 110°F.

METABOLISM : Visit this Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

METER (M.) Metric unit of length, equivalent to 39.37 in., or 3.28 ft.

METER PUMP. A pump that delivers a precise flow rate of product through an aseptic processing system.

METHIONINE. One of the amino acids that are essential for humans.

methionine an amino acid containing sulfur , indispensable to human life, occurring in various proteins, such as in casein, yeast, and egg whites. Methionine is one of the eight essential amino acids (Science News Letter) Formula: C5H11NO2S (Point of interest, the statement below alleged methylmercury uses up sulfur, and some of the autistic children may have lack of sulfur and perhaps oxygen and/or hydrogen in their cells caused them to be this way by vaccination, my theory on this. Or were caused nutrient deficiency as to be harvested at birth by doctors following protocols on early umbilical cord clamping and harvested the deprived blood in the placenta or placentas, if multiple fraternal births. by Donna Young

methylmercury, thimerosal A toxic preservative used in vaccinations mostly in injected vaccines, such as flu shots and for childhood disease vaccinations. The safety of the preservative is questioned with the increase of Alzheimer's in Seniors and by Autism in children under 11 years of age. In the 1970's autism was 1 in 30,000 children (World Book, Vol. A, p 913, 1979) and today the allegations based in research that 1 in 110 children have autism. The methyl mercury is two parts, organic which consists of bacteria. The other is metal. The bacteria consume gases, oxygen or sulfur. There is an amino acid that requires sulfur see methionine above.

This quotation has more information on oxygen used up by methylmercury and sulphur

"the mercury component of thimerosal is ethylmercury and not methylmercury. New evidence has suggested, ...
the mercury component of thimerosal is ethylmercury and not methylmercury. New evidence has suggested, the ...
www.infectiousdiseasenews.com/200302/frameset.asp?article=thim.asp

MEV. One million electron volts.

MG/L. Milligrams per liter; approximately equals parts per million (ppm).

MICROAEROPHILES. Organisms, which grow best in the presence of small amounts of atmospheric oxygen.

MICROENCAPSULATION. Organisms, which grow best in the presence of small amounts of atmospheric oxygen.

MICROGRAM. One-thousandth part of a milligram: symbol ug.

MICROLITER. One-thousandth of a millimeter.

MICROMETER. A small precision instrument designed to measure double seams.

MICRO-ORGANISMS. Living cells seen only with the aid of a powerful microscope. A general term usually referring to bacteria, yeast or molds.

MICRON. One-thousandthof a millimeter.

MICRONUTRIENT. Nutrients, which are required by humans in relatively small, or trace, amounts to maintain normal growth and other body functions.

MICROWAVE COOKING. Use of radio-frequency energy for cooking.

MIL. A unit of linear measurement, equivalent to 0.001 inch.

MILLIGRAM (mg). One-thousandth of one gram.

MINERAL. In nutritional science, a term applied to chemical elements that act as body regulators through incorporation into hormones and enzymes. Some minerals (like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium) are part of the body's structure.

MINERAL. In organic micronutrients necessary for regulating body functions and proper bone and teeth structures.

MINOR DEFECT. A defect that has no adverse effect on the hermetic condition.

MINIMUM DAILY REQUIREMENTS (MDR.) The minimum quantities of specified vitamins and minerals deemed necessary to avoid diet deficiencies, as established by Food and Drug Administration labeling regulations in 1941 and later amendments. See UNITED STATES RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCES. (U.S. RDA).

MIXTURE. Material composed of two or more substances, each of which retains its own characteristic properties.

MILLIMETER (mm.) Equivalent to 0.001 meter and to 0.0394 inch.

MOISTURE WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION. The rate at which water vapor permeates through a plastic film or wall at a specified temperature relative humidity.

MOLASSES. Syrup produced by Washing raw sugar. It is boiled and as much sugar as possible crystallized out. The syrupy residue is molasses.

MOLDS. Microorganisms that belong to the fungi. The fungus body is usually composed of threads (hyphae, singular: hypha). These hyphae frequently branch in a more or less complex manner forming networks or webs, collectively called "mycelium". Hyphae may be one-celled or composed of many cells placed end to end. Fruiting bodies that grow from hyphae produce spores. Molds are much less heat resistant than bacteria.

MOLDS. (1) Algaelike fungi that form long filaments or strands; for the most part, molds affect only food appearance and flavor; (2) Containers used for shaping foods.

MOLECULAR WEIGHT. Sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule.

MOLECULE. The smallest theoretical quantity of a material that retains the properties exhibited by the material.

MONOGLYCERIDES. See GLYCERIDES.

MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE (MSG). See GLUTAMATE. SODIUM. MSG can increase insulin. Vulnerable persons, infants, children the elderly or those border line diabetics can be caused insulin shock, that is the need to shut down and sleep. This condition can be dangerous if the person has stopped for refreshments and the ingredients are not labeled truthfully, may contain MSG, as are warnings on some products, may contain nuts for those with reactions to peanuts. Recently, Kraft products in their Post cereals do contain MSG. But their salt information on their label is not so identified if it is regular salt, iodized salt, or MSG, which is used a food enhancer. MSG may be a cheaper substitute for the latter two, or synthetically made, while MSG is generally referred to as a fermenting process of sugar beets or sea kelp or sea water.

MUCOLYTIC : destroys the mucus (an enzyme).

MULTI-CAVITY MOULD. A mould with two, or more, cavity positions. These moulds are capable of making more than one part per machine cycle.

MULTIPLICATION. An increase in the number of cells; usually refers to growth.

MUSCLES. Animal tissues consisting of bundles of cells or fibers that can contract and expand; they are the portions of a carcass usually consumed.

MUSHROOMS. Members of a broad category of plants known as fungi; they are often used and served like vegetables. MUTTON. The meat of sheep slaughtered after they reach the age of one year.

MYCELLIA. See MOLDS.

MYCELIUM. A microscopic thread-like mold part similar to a root of a plant.

MYCOSTAT. See FUNGISTATIC AGENT.

MYCOTOXINS. Toxins produced by molds or fungi.

MYELIN : A white fatty substance that forms a protective sheath about the core of certain nerve cells, much like there is insulation around an electrical wire.

Myelination leads to lower level of excitability for more mature function of the brain.

Myloglobin "red" Muscle: http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/proteins.htm#enzymes

MYLAR. A synthetic polyester fiber or film.

MYOGLOBIN : Storing oxygen in the muscle for later use.

MYOSIN. The protein of the muscle fiber.

MYOTONIC : Contraction of the muscles.

MYXOMATOSIS : a virus introduced into rabbits to kill them or control their reproduction in Australia.

MYXOMA : Connective tissue tumor in which the cells are separated by mucoid.

"NATURAL FOODS". Term describing foods, which are grown without chemical fertilizers or pesticides. Also foods in the preparation of which no synthetic preservatives are used.

NAS/NRC. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council.

NEUTRALIZE. To adjust the pH of a solution to 7.0 (neutral) by the addition of an acid or a base.

NEWTONIAN FLUIDS. Liquids, which do not change in viscosity with a change in rate of shear.

NDGA. See NORDIHYDROGUAIARETIC ACID.

NIACIN. A water-soluble "B" group vitamin. Important natural sources are liver, meat, whole grain, and enriched bread and cereals.

NIH. National Institutes of Health.

NITRATE. A salt of nitric acid, usually sodium (NaNO3), used to cure or preserve meats, especially hams. Saltpeter (potassium nitrate, KNO3) has been used for many years as a curing ingredient. Nitrates occur naturally in leafy vegetables.

NITRIFICATION. The process of oxidizing ammonia by bacteria into nitrites and nitrates.

NITRITE. A salt of nitrous acid, usually sodium nitrite (NaNo2), used in addition to sodium nitrate to cure ham or other meats. The use of nitrites allows much smaller quantities of nitrates to be used in the curing process with the same degree of protection from spoilage.

NITROSAMINES. Compounds, which are formed from nitrates and other naturally present substances. They have been linked to cancer in laboratory test animals. Nitrosamines are also naturally occurring, normally in very small quantities. Concentration in food may increase during cooking.

NON-ENZYMATIC BROWNING. See MAILLARD REACTION.

NON-NEWTONIAN. Materials whose resistance to flow changes with a change in rate of shear.

NORDIHYDROGUAIARETIC ACID OR NDGA. Substance of plant origin used as an antioxidant for fats.

NUCLEIC ACIDS. Long-stranded molecules, which play a primary role in the transmission of genetic traits, in the regulation of cellular functions, and in the formation of proteins.

NUTRIENTS. Compounds that promote biological growth.

NUTRIENTS. The chemical substances found in food that nourish the body by promoting growth, facilitating body functions and providing energy; there are six categories of nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, water, minerals and vitamins.

NUTRITION. The science that studies nutrients.

NUTRITION INFORMATION PANEL. Appears on food labels to the right of the principal display panel. It provides information on the nutritional composition of the food.

NUTRITIONAL INHIBITOR. A natural component of food, which adversely affects the utilization of a nutrient.

NEUTRAL (OR NEAR-NEUTRAL) ASH FOODS
• Milk • Vegetable Oil • Butter • White Sugar http://www.inlightimes.com/archives/2002/11/acid-alkaline-foods.htm

OIL. A type of fat that remains liquid at room temperature.

ORGANIC FARMING. A method of farming that does not rely on synthetic pesticides, fungicides, herbicides or fertilizers.

OLEORESINS. Flavor concentrates from spices or herbs prepared by extraction with volatile organic solvents.

"ORGANIC FOODS". See "NATURAL FOODS".

ORGANOLEPIC. See SENSORY.

OSHA. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

OSMOPHILIC. Can grow or survive in a medium very low in humidity or of low water activity.

OSMOSIS. Diffusion between two miscible fluids separated by a permeable wall.

O/W EMULSION. Oil-in-water emulsion; oil is the discontinuous or internal phase, water the continuous or internal phase, water the continuous or external phase. An O/W emulsion is dispersible (dilutable) in water, but not in oil.

OXIDATION. The act of oxidizing, which is brought about by increasing the number of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges.

OXIDATION LAGOON. Synonymous with aerobic or aerated lagoon.

OXIDATION POND. Synonymous with aerobic lagoon.

OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY. The deterioration of fats and oils due to oxidation.

OXYGEN : Visit this Web Site for excellent information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

PANTOTHENIC ACID. A "B" group vitamin, essential for the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. Liver, yeast, kidney, and fresh vegetables are good natural sources.

PAPAIN. A protein digesting enzyme obtained from the juice of unripe papayas.

PASTEURIZATION. A heat treatment of food usually below 212°F, intended to destroy all organisms dangerous to health, or a heat treatment which destroys part but not all microorganisms that cause food spoilage or that interfere with a desirable fermentation.

PARENCHYMACELL. The structural unit of the edible portion of most fruits and vegetables.

PASCAL. See KILOPASCAL.

PASTEURIZATION. The process of heating a liquid to a prescribed temperature for a specific period in order to destroy pathogenic bacteria.

PATHOGEN. Disease producing microorganism.

PATHOGENIC. Capable of producing disease.

PATULIN. A mycotoxin.

PBB OR pbb. Parts per billion.

PCB'S. Polychlorinated bi-phenyls. A class of compounds known to cause cancer.

PEARLING. A milling process in which all or part of the hull, bran and germ are removed from the grain.

PECTIN. A gelatin-like carbohydrate obtained from certain fruits, used to thicken jams and jellies.
PECTIN. Plant tissues contain protopectins cementing the cell walls together. As fruit ripens, protopectin breaks down to pectin, and finally to pectin acid under the influence of enzymes. Thus over-ripe fruit loses its firmness and becomes soft as the adhesive between the cells breaks down. Pectin is the setting agent in jams and jellies. The albedo of oranges and lemons, and apple pomace are commercial sources of pectin. Used as a gelling agent and as an emulsifier and stabilizer.

PECTIN METHOXYLASE. Enzyme in tomato juice that splits methyl alcohol from pectin leaving pectin acid, which does not have the colloidal and thickening properties of pectin. Inactivated by pasteurization.

PELLAGRA. A nutritional deficiency disease produced by insufficient intake of niacin and/or nicotinic acid in the diet. The disease is characterized by skin lesions, inflammation of the mouth, diarrhea, and central nervous system disorders.

PEMMICAN. Mixture of dried, powdered meat, and fat.

PENETROMETER. An instrument used to determine the firmness of a food.

PEPSIN. An enzyme found in gastric juice that promotes the digestion of proteins.

PER. See PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO.

PERCOLATION. The movement of water through the soil profile.

PERICARP. The plant material surrounding the seed of fruits.

PERMEABILITY. The passage or diffusion of a gas, vapor, liquid, or solid, through a barrier without physically or chemically affecting it.

PESTICIDE. A chemical, which kills plant or animal pests.

PESTICIDE RESIDUES. Small amounts of pesticides remaining in foodstuffs as a result of pest control operations.

PETRI DISH. A double glass or plastic dish used in cultivating microorganisms.

PH. A measure of acidity or alkalinity. Chemically, pH is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration.

pH . The effective acidity or alkalinity of a solution: not to be confused with the total acidity or alkalinity. The pH scale is: pH 7 is the neutral point (pure water). Decreasing values below 7 indicate increasing acidity, while increasing values above 7 indicate alkalinity. One pH unit corresponds to a tenfold difference in acidity or alkalinity, hence pH 4 is 10 times as acid as pH 5 and pH3 is 10 times as acid as pH4 and so forth. The same relationship holds on the alkaline side of neutrality, where pH 9 is 10 times as alkaline as pH8, and so on. Most meat and fish products have pH values between 6 and 7, vegetables have pH values between 5 and 7, and fruits have pH values between 3 and 5.

pH, MAXIMUM. For acidified foods, the highest finished product equilibrium pH after processing. for acidified low-acid foods not controlled at pH 4.6 or below, this does not apply if the food receives a heat treatment which alone achieves commercial sterility.

pH, METER. A device which measures electric potential developed between electrodes immersed in a solution and converts this to a reading known as pH.

pH, NORMAL. For low-acid canned foods, the pH of the product or primary ingredient (e.g., green beans) in its natural state before processing. For acidified foods, it is the pH of the primary ingredient (e.g., pimientos) in its natural state before acidification.

pH. A symbol for the level of acidity or alkalinity of a solution; expressed on a scale of 0 to 14.0; 7.0 is considered neutral or balanced acid/alkaline. The lower the PH value, the more acidic the substance. If the human blood went to a neutral pH 7.0 we would die. The heart needs a salty 7.4 pH of the human blood for it to continue to beat.

pH is a number used to indicate the strength of an acid or a base. Danish biochemist Soren Sorensen invented the pH system in 1909. The number indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution . (Ions have a negative or positive charge by electrons gained or lost in an atom). A solution's pH is defined as the negative logarithm, to the base 10, of its hydrogen-ion concentrations. This concentration is expressed in moles of hydrogen ion per liter of solution. One mole is 602,257,000,000,000,000,000,000 ions or other chemical particles. For example, a solution with a pH of 12 contains 10-12 (one million-millionth) of a mole of hydrogen ions per liter. (1)

pH is measured with an electronic pH meter or with special dyes called acid-base indicators. The color of an indicator depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions. pH paper contains several indicators that change color at different pH's. When dipped into a solution, the paper's color indicates the approximate pH of the solution." (1) (1) Reference, Esmarch S. Gilreath, World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. P, page 315, 1979.

A LINK FOR ANOTHER VIEW OF pH is: http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/chemistry/phscale.html To quote:

Low pH corresponds to high hydrogen ion concentration
A substance that when added to water increases the concentration of hydrogen ions(lowers the pH) is called an acid
A substance that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions(raises the pH) is called a base.
Finally some substances enable solutions to resist pH changes when an acid or base is added. Such substances are called buffers.
Buffers are very important in helping organisms maintain a relatively constant pH.

____________________________________

PHENYLALANINE. One of the amino acids that are essential for humans.

PHEOHYTIN. A brown or olive-green plant pigment formed by the breakdown of chlorophyl.

PHOSPHOLIPIDS. Lipid compounds containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen. These compounds are important components of many cellular membranes.

PHYTATES. Salts of phytic acid, especially sodium phytate.

PHYTIC ACID. Chelating agent used for the removal of traces of metal ions. It is of nutritional interest because it interferes with the absorption of minerals from the intestinal tract, especially calcium and iron.

PHYTOALAXIN : A substance used by a plant to fight diseases. (See Interferon)

POLYMER. A very large, complex molecule formed by chemically binding together a large number of identical smaller units (or monomers).

POLYUNSATURATED. An unsaturated bond is a chemical structure into which additional hydrogen can be incorporated. Polyunsaturated fats contain fatty acids having more than one unsaturated bond. In general, polyunsaturated fats tend to be of plant origin and liquid.

POMACE. The crushed pulp of fruits pressed for juice.

POMPE DISEASE: GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES:{HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/biochemistry_frames.htm"} http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/biochemistry_frames.htm

    Type-I (Von Gierke's Disease): Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphatase in liver,intestinal mucosa, and kidney Symptoms: Hypoglycemia -- liver can't release glucose! Lactic Acidemia -- Inability to process lactose normally, as well as increased glycolysis Increased Uric Acid -- cause not clear.
Treatment: Taking small amounts of carbohydrate during the day to maintain blood glucose can help diminish symptoms.
    Type-II ( Pompe's Disease ): Accumulation of glycogen in virtually every tissue. Cause: Absence of the alpha-1, 4-Glucosidase enzyme, which normally breaks down polyglucose in lysosomes in all cells. This leads to obstruction of lysosomal function. Symptom: Ultimately leads to massive cardiomegaly (due to glycogen in cardiac muscle) and death before 30.
    Type-III (Cori's Disease): Mild glycogen accumulation, due to a deficiency in the debranching enzyme.. Essentially, inefficient utilization of glycogen
with a little over storage. Hepatomegaly occurs in early age but then diminishes. Relatively benign condition.
    Type-IV (McArdle's Disease): Absence of Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase, so that muscle glycogen stores are unavailable to exercising muscle. Lab: Increased levels of Muscle CPK (Creatine Phosphokinase) and myoglobin. These symptoms generally indicated any muscle disorder. Very serious condition -- defective cardiac muscle.

POMES. Fruits, such as apples, quince, and pears.

POTASSIUM NITRATE (SALTPETER). A preservative and a color fixative in meats and meat products.

POTASSIUM SORBATE. See SORBIC ACID.

PROPIONATES. Food additives having the property of inhibiting mold growth.

PPM. Parts per million. 1 ppm.= 0.000. 1 percent on weight basis. Also 1 mg/kg = 1 ppm, and 0.032 ox/ton= a ppm.

PRESERVATION. Any physical or chemical process which prevents or delays decomposition of foods.

PRESERVATIVES. Any substance capable of retarding or arresting food spoilage or deterioration.

PROPIONATES. Food additives having the property of inhibiting mold growth.

PROPYL GALLATE. An antioxidant.

PROTEIN. Large and extremely complex molecules consisting of from 50 to over 50,000 amino acids. Protein is the main nutrient responsible for building and maintaining body tissues. Sources of high quality protein are meat, poultry, fish and other sea foods, milk and milk products, and eggs. Sources of fairly good protein are legumes (dried beans, peas, soybeans), peanuts, and other nuts.

PROTEINS. A group of compounds composed of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen atoms necessary for manufacturing, maintaining and repairing body tissues and as an alternative source of energy (4 calories per gram); protein chains are constructed of various combinations of amino acids.

Basic Structure of Proteins: Globular, Fibrous, Lipoproteins, Nucleoproteins, Glyoproteins /Proteogylcans:

http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/proteins.htm#enzymes

PROTEIN : Please see this Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein

PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA. Have an optimum temperature for growth between 60° and 70°F. May grow at temperatures down to 32°F. and up to 86°F.

PTOMAINE. Term that has been used to describe certain types of food poisoning known today to be caused by toxins produced by bacteria.

PUFA. Polyunsaturated fatty acid.

PUTREFACTIVES. Bacteria that spoil food without rendering it unfit for human consumption.

PUTREFACTION. Decomposition of proteins by microorganisms, producing disagreeable odors.

PUTREFACTIVE. Bacteria capable of breaking down protein, which causes putrid odors.

PYRIDOXINNE. A "B" Group vitamin (B6). Meat, milk, fish, and yeast are the best sources.

"R" ENAMEL. A protective lacquer (interior) used for acid products, fruits or colored vegetables. Used to prevent loss of color or discoloration of colored fruits and contact of product with tin.

RADICIDATION. Exposure of food to ionizing radiation at doses necessary to kill all non-spire forming pathogenic bacteria. Analogous to pasteurization.

RANCIDITY (RANCIDIFICATION). An oxidative deterioration in food fat whereby a typical off-odor and/or flavor is produced.

RANCIDITY. A chemical change in fats caused by exposure to air, light or heat that results in objectionable flavors and odors.

RIBOFLAVIN (B2.) A water-soluble vitamin. Important sources are milk, liver, kidney, heart, meat, eggs, and dark leafy greens.

RICKETS. Bone defects caused by a shortage of Vitamin D in the diet.

SACCHARIN. A non-nutritive sweetener, approximately 300 times as sweet as sucrose (common sugar).

SALMONELLA. A genus of bacteria that can cause infections in man that are characteristically gastrointestinal. A common source of these organisms is feces-soiled hands. Another is infected food that is allowed to stand in the proper growth conditions without sterilization. Destroyed by adequate heating, as in the canning process.

SALMONELLOSIS. Infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus salmonella.

SALT CURING. The process of surrounding a food with salt or a mixture of salt, sugar, nitrite-based curing salt, herbs and spices; salt curing dehydrates the food, inhibits bacterial growth and adds flavor.

SAPONIFICATION. The process of hydrolysis of fats or oils of a fluid by an alkali to form soap.

SATURATED FATS. Fats found mainly in animal products and tropical oils; they are usually solid at room temperature. The body has more difficulty breaking down saturated fats than either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats.

SATURATED STEAM. Pure steam, i.e., free of air.

SATURATED-UNSATURATED. Saturated fat contains fatty acids with only saturated molecular bonds. A saturated bond is a chemical structure, which cannot accept additional hydrogen. Saturated fats tend to be of animal origins. Most vegetable oils contain a high proportion of unsaturated fats. Most unsaturated fats (such as peanut oil) are liquid at room temperature and most saturated fats (such as butter) are solid at room temperature. See POLYUNSATURATED.

SODIUM. Sodium is an essential element. It is naturally present in foods. Most of the sodium added to food is in the form of common salt.

SODIUM BICARBONATE. Also known as Baking Soda.

SODIUM BISULFITE. A preservative.

SOFT SUGARS. Highly refined, dark colored, molasses-flavored sugars, which are frequently called brown sugars. They have a relatively high content of mineral and other non-sucrose materials.

SOLID FAT INDEX. A measure of the solidity of fats at various temperatures.

SOLUBLE SOLIDS (S.S.) Solids in solution largely made up of sucrose and other sugars, fruit acids, and mineral salts.

SOLVENTS. A substance, which dissolves or holds another substance in solution such as common salt in water. Solvents are used in some foods as carriers for flavors, colors, stabilizers, emulsifiers, antioxidants, and other ingredients.

SORBIC ACID. Used to selectively inhibit growth of yeasts and molds.

SPORES. Certain of the rod forms of bacteria produce spores. These are not reproductive bodies, as in the case of molds and yeasts, but are the resting stage of the organism. In the spore state, bacteria can survive extremes of cold, heat, drying, and another unfavorable conditions for long periods of time; and when the environment is again favorable, the spores germinate, and the organisms start another cycle of growth. Growing cells are called "vegetative" cells. Sporeforming bacteria, which can grow in the presence or absence of air, are classified in the genus Clostridium.

STAPHYLOCOCCI. Spherical bacteria (cocci) occurring in irregular, grape-like clusters.

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREAUS. Species of bacteria that are important as a cause of human infections and of food poisoning.

STARCH. White, odorless, and tasteless carbohydrates produced by plants as an energy store. Starches are primary foods for most animals and are broken down during digestion into sugars and thereby used for energy.

STARCH. (1) Complex carbohydrates from plants that are edible and either digestible or indigestible (fiber); (2) A rice, grain, pasta or potato accompaniment to a meal.

STARCH (HIGH AMYLOSE). A starch containing over 50% amylose (Usually 55-70%).

STARTER CULTURE. A culture of microorganism used to start a fermentation process.

STEARIC ACID. A common saturated fatty acid with one of the longer lengths of carbon chain and highest number of hydrogen atoms.

STEARINE. The higher melting point glycerides that are separated from oils by winterization. Stearines are used in the manufacture of vegetable shortenings. See WINTERIZATION.

STEROL. A complex and usually unsaturated solid alcohol compound commonly found in plant and animal lipids. Cholesterol is a sterol.

SUBLIMATION. The physical process by which a substance passes directly from the solid state to the vapor or gas state, such as the evaporation of ice curing freeze-drying.

SUCROSE. A sweet crystallizable, colorless sugar, which constitutes the principal sugar of commerce. Refined cane and beet sugars are essentially 100% sucrose. Under certain conditions sucrose breaks down to dextrose and levulose.

SUCROSE. The chemical name for refined or table sugar, it is refined from the raw sugars found in the large tropical grass called sugar cane and the root of the sugar beet; it is available as white or brown granules, molasses or powdered sugar.

SUGARS (SACCHARIDES). Sweet carbohydrates obtained directly from the juices of plants or indirectly from the hydrolysis of starches. Sugars constitute the primary energy source of both plants and animals.

SUGAR. A carbohydrate that provides the body with energy and gives a sweet taste to foods. For More information, visit this link:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar

SUGAR SYRUPS. Either simple syrups (thin mixtures of sugar and water) or cooked syrups (melted sugar cooked until it reaches a specific temperature).

SULFUR : Sulfur is important for blood reproduction and cell reproduction. Sulfur occurs in plants as a constituent of proteins (e.g. cystine) and of certain volatile compounds such as mustard oil. It seems to be connected with chlorophyll formation although it is not a constituent of this substance. Its functions in connection with proteins and chlorophyll doubtless account for the similarity of its deficiency effects to those due ... http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/hydro/s.htm

SUSPENDED SOLIDS. The quantity of solids, both volatile and stable, in suspension of which can be filtered out by a standard filter under a specified test procedure.

SUSPENSION. A homogenous mixture of an insoluble granular or powdered material with a fluid. (Human Blood, Plasma).

TANNINS. Substances that posses astringency which influences flavor and contributes body to such beverages as coffee, tea, wine, and several fruit juices. Colorless tanning compounds, upon reaction with metal ions, form a range of dark colored complexes which may be red, brown, green, gray, or black.

TARTARIC ACID. An organic acid found in several fruits, particularly grapes.

THIAMINE. A water-soluble vitamin (B-1). Important sources are pork, heart, liver, kidney, dry beans and peas, whole grain and enriched bread and cereals.

thimerosa l (See methylmercury above) "the mercury component of thimerosal is ethylmercury and not methylmercury. New evidence has suggested, the ...the mercury component of thimerosal is ethylmercury and not methylmercury. New evidence has suggested, the ...
www.infectiousdiseasenews.com/200302/frameset.asp?article=thim.asp (You need a membership. Go to the root of the link, ending at .com ).

THREONINE. One of the amino acids that are essential for humans.

TISSUES: RED BLOOD CELLS ARE TISSUES: http://www.geocities.com/doctor_uae/biochemistry_frames.htm

METABOLISM AND DIFFERENT TISSUES: In nearly all tissues, glucose is trapped in the cell by converting it to glucose-6-phosphate via the action of hexokinase or glucokinase.

RED BLOOD CELLS
1. Have no mitochondria. They continually produce lactate, which is continually excreted.
2. OH^- Antiport: Lactate is continually excreted out of the RBC, in exchange for OH^- coming in. The net effect of this is to maintain the pH by preventing it from becoming too acidic.
BRAIN TISSUE
1. Needs lots of glucose. It makes no lactate -- it has lots of mitochondria and it metabolizes all of its glucose all the way to CO₂.
ADIPOSE TISSUE
1. It can convert glucose-6-phosphate to glycogen
2. It has mitochondria, but not very plentiful. Most of the glucose does not go through TCA cycle but rather is used as building block for lipid biosynthesis.
MUSCLE AND HEART TISSUE
1. Can also make glycogen, but it cannot get back free glucose -- only glucose-6-phosphate.
2. It will oxidize glucose fully as long as there is O₂ around. If the muscle runs out of oxygen, then fermentation will take over by mass action.
3. Fermentation results in high lactate which can be excreted and which causes muscle fatigue pain.
LIVER PARENCHYMAL CELL
1. Gluconeogenesis: The liver can use lactate, but first it turns it into pyruvate.
2. Liver uses Glucokinase to trap glucose instead of hexokinase.
3. Liver has a Glucose-6-Phosphatase that can actually restore free glucose, which it then can secrete into the blood. The liver is the major source of blood-glucose secretion.
4. If the liver is making fat, then that is a sign of poor health.

TOXIN. An organic poison, a product of the growth of an organism. Some toxins are given off as waste products of a microorganism, and are called "exotoxins". Others are contained within the cells, and are liberated only when the cell dies and disintegrates. These are called "endotoxins".Toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum are thermolabile, that is, they are fairly easily destroyed by heat.

TOXINS FROM METALS: Symptoms of Elemental Toxicities Very small quantities of these atoms can cause serious biological damage !

http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/toxic.htm

TOXINS. Byproducts of living bacteria that can cause illness if consumed in sufficient quantities.

TRICHINOSIS. A muscle infection caused by a nematode. Humans develop trichinosis by consuming improperly cooked, infected pork meat, or by indirect contamination of other meats with the nematode.

TRYPTOPHAN. One of the amino acids that are essential for humans.

UNSATURATED FAT. Fats that are normally liquid (oils) at room temperature; they may be monounsaturated (from plants such as olives and avocados) or polyunsaturated (from grains and seeds such as corn, soybeans and safflower as well as from fish).

VITAMIN. Vitamins are complex organic compounds needed in small amounts that are essential for certain metabolic functions in humans or other animals. Vitamins act as catalysts by helping other nutrients perform their functions. See CATALYST.

VITAMINS. Compounds present in foods in very small quantities; they do not provide energy but are essential for regulating body functions.

VITAMIN A. A fat-soluble vitamin, essential for vision in dim light. Most vitamin A is obtained from the body's conversion of carotene found in vegetables and fruits. Important sources are liver, dark green vegetables, yellow fruits and vegetables, butter, and margarine.

VITAMIN B COMPLEX. Folic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamine and biotin. The B vitamins are essential in human diets. And occur naturally in meats, wheat, etc.

VITAMIN B-6. See PYRIDOXIN.

VITAMIN B-12. See CYANOCABALLAMIN.

VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID). A water-soluble vitamin. Important sources are citrus fruits and juices, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, raw cabbage, collards, sweet and green peppers, potatoes and tomatoes.

VITAMIN D (CALCIFEROL). A fat-soluble vitamin important in the prevention of rickets. Important sources are fish liver oil, fortified milk, and egg yolks.

VITAMIN E (A-TOCOPHEROL). A fat-soluble vitamin important as a natural anti-oxidant. Vegetable oils, especially wheat-germ oils, are important sources.

VITAMIN K. Vitamin necessary for proper blood coagulation to prevent hemorrhages. Good sources are green leafy vegetables, pork, liver, milk, and eggs.

VITELLINE MEMBRANE. The membrane enclosing the egg yolk. WATER ACTIVITY. A measure of water availability in food for microbial growth. The ratio of water vapor pressure of a food to the vapor pressure of pure water under identical conditions of temperature and pressure.

VINEGAR. A thin, sour liquid used as a preservative, cooking ingredient and cleaning solution.

VIRUSES. The smallest known form of life; they invade the living cells of a host and take over those cells' genetic material, causing the cells to produce more viruses; some viruses can enter a host through the ingestion of food contaminated with those viruses.

VISCERA. Internal organs.

WATER BINDING. See BOUND WATER.

WATER LEVEL CONTROL. An automatic device that controls water level in retorts.

WAXY BINDING. See BOUND WATER.

WAXY MAIZE. A variety of corn, the starch content of which consists solely of branched molecules.

WHEY. The liquid and its dissolved lactose, minerals, and other minor constituents remaining after milk has been coagulated to separate the curd. Curd is made up of casein, most of the fat, and some lactose, water, and minerals from milk.

WHO of UN. World Health Organization of the United Nations.

WINTERIZATION. The process in vegetable oil refining by which the higher melting point glycerides (Stearines) are removed from oils by chilling.

W/O EMULSION. Water-in-oils emulsion in which the water is the internal phase and the oil is the external or continuous phase. When diluted by the addition of an oil, W/O emulsions retain homogeneity.

XANTHOPHYLLS. The yellow-orange pigments found in plant foods such as corn, peaches, and squash.

XEROPHILIC. Can grow or survive in a medium very low in humidity.

YEASTS. Spherical or more or less elongated cells, varying in normal width from 1/10,000th to ½,000th of an inch. Most yeasts break down sugars to carbon dioxide and alcohol. That process is called fermentation.

Yeasts. Yeasts are among the simplest kinds of living plants. Like mushrooms, they belong to the group of plants called fungi. Yeasts increase very rapidly, and the tiny plants float in the air almost everywhere. Some yeast form new plants by a process called budding. A small part of the cell wall swells out, and a wall of cellulose soon shuts off this new growth from the parent plant. It becomes an independent cell, and soon grows other buds. Sometimes all the cells cling together in chains that later break up. Some yeast plants increase simply by dividing in two. This process is called fission.

HOW YEAST WORKS . The Enzymes from the yeast cells attack the starch in the flour. This changes it to sugar. the sugar is then changed to alcohol and carbon dioxide gas. The gas then bubbles up through the mixture of bread dough, and makes the mass light and porous. When the baking of the bread is done correctly the alcohol evaporates and the yeast plants are destroyed by the heat. If the dough is left to rise too long, the fermentation forms an acid and this condition results in sour brad. Fermentation by yeast is important in the making of alcohol beverages, such as beer and ale.

(see also Atoms) (Reference World Book Encyclopedia, page 461, Vol. W-X-Y-Z, 1979.

"Z" VALUE. The number of degrees Fahrenheit required for a specific bacterial thermal death time curve to pass through one log cycle.

(Ref:http://www.victoriapacking.com/tradeglossary.html#l)

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