Blood Disappears from Placenta after Immediate Cord Clamping, Chow-Case-Law
Blood Disappears from Placenta after Immediate Cord Clamping, Chow-Case-Law, Ontario, Canada, Sommers & Roth
This badly birth-injured child, the Chow-case-law, had his circulation interrupted by an immediate clamped umbilical cord. The child did not receive immediate compensation of volume of blood from his own placenta. In fact, the placenta blood disappeared. If you check for ethnic blood in priority need of cord blood banks, it makes you wonder if this child's oriental blood was wanted more then the quality of the child's life. I wonder if it was a factor in the Ing-case-law, too, having his circulation system cut off by mid-forceps.
The chow-case-law the baby's circulation was stopped by immediate cord clamping
for a tight cord around the neck. I did not
read any evidence of a proper first attempt to put a finger between the cord and the neck to prevent
neck injury as being
attempted before amputation of the lifeline. The amputation was done quickly and the child went
limp. The baby was found to be
anemic, after hasty clamping. This means it had about 50 percent or more blood volume deprived the child
at birth.
This Chow-case-law, Ontario, Canada
http://www.sommersandroth.com/case-law-chow.htm
ought to be read, a couple of
times, by every medical and law student. It is very strange how the blood disappeared, expecially,
when it is known that doctors
and hospitals have policies they can sell or donate placenta stem cells to public and private cord stem
cell blood banks.
If you wish to support no harvesting of the baby's placenta blood to keep other children from risk of
being endangered and the
return to the education of mothers in natural birth education and practice, please visit the web link
below, for a
Petition
request to
The Queen, and the Attorney General of Canada, and to all AG's of the Provnces and Two Territories of
Canada:
-
Note: PETITION www.thepetitionsite.com/takeaction/102580814
Please ask this site to have a Medical Alert Petition Site: petitions@earth.case2.com
We need support, Internationally, to help Canada correct or investigate present training of all medical persons who will or intend to be at a mother's birth.
We need support for informed choices, of both parents, that our babies are not being harvested by methods of Active Management.
_______________________
This baby, clamped for the reason of a tight cord, then did not have vein to vein transfusion of his own
blood, in the 7-minutes the
doctor was busy with the mother and the after-birth. Rather, the child was limp and gasping, and
was being given only oxygen.
Oxygen alone would not keep a child alive without sufficient blood volume and pressure. Later,
the child was then given Ringer's
Lactate, not whole blood. Drugs were also used on the mother, during labor. To quote:
Oxytocin Administration
45 No chart entry existed,
stating that the Oxytocin was ever turned off.
The plaintiffs submit that there was no chart entry either
because it was never turned off or because Dr. Provatopoulos ordered it to be recommenced.
46 Counsel for the plaintiffs submit that Dr. Provatopoulos' conduct fell below
the standard of care in failing to ensure that the
Oxytocin was stopped after the initial bradycardia at 23:20, when he became concerned about the presence
of fetal distress or
possible fetal distress.
Comments of Donna: The child was
late in having an immediate blood transfusion to stabilize the deprivation of blood,
after hasty clamping
. I wondered why they did not put two fingers between the cord and the neck rather then putting
on two
clamps and cutting the cord? This would have stopped pressure on the neck and allowed the continuation
of oxygenated blood
flow.
To quote:
61 Dr. Provatopoulos claims that it was he who suggested that Dr. Buss give Ringer's Lactate to Michael as a volume expander . Notwithstanding this claim, the plaintiffs submit that Dr. Provatopoulos only gave volume after Dr. Zachary advised doing so at 30 minutes of age
Apgar Scores, failing to remain stable with
Oxygen:
Between 00:51 and 00:57, tracings were taken from the external monitor on Theresa Chow's abdomen. No bradycardia
occurred during this time. Dr. Farine stated that, if there was entrapment of blood, as the plaintiffs
claim, he would expect a
bradycardia. In his view, the heart rate in the final tracing was not compatible with the entrapment
theory. Dr. Gagnon expressed
a similar opinion.
f) Cord Compressions, Tight Nuchal Cord, Immediate Clamping
90 Not specifically addressed by the defense.
g) The Apgar Scores
91 Both Dr. Wong and Dr. Provatopoulos assigned a one minute Apgar
of 5. Each gave 2 for the heart rate above 100, 1
for colour, 1 for respiratory effort and 1 for reflex irritability. The description recorded by Nurse
Kanhai at 00:58 was entirely
consistent with their scores.
92 Dr. Wong assigned a five minute Apgar score of 7, including
2 for both colour and respirations, but still nothing for tone.
He thought the baby was getting better.
h) Michael's Condition at Birth
(i) Pallor - Failure to Respond Appropriately to its Presence
93 Dr. Wong described Michael's colour at birth as dusty. According to the defendants, the baby was trying to breathe and Dr. Wong saw him gasp . Initially, Michael had no tone and was flaccid. On the Newborn Physical Examination Record, he noted that the baby was pale at birth.
94
While waiting to deliver the placenta, Dr. Wong watched Dr. Provatopoulos and Nurse Kanhai working on
Michael who was
about three or four feet away.
They were administering oxygen by applying a mask and squeezing a bag. He
saw Michael
pinking up
and trying to breathe. He felt Michael was improving as the five minute Apgar score demonstrated.
(i) The Resuscitation - Failure to Recognize or Respond Appropriately to Inadequate Circulation
Ringer's Lactate Not Sufficient
, to quote:
116. Dr. Boulton pointed out that the small amount of Ringer's Lactate given to Michael would not have stayed in the blood stream very long and the majority of it had probably seeped into other tissues by the time Dr. Zachary arrived
Revival:
124 Dr. Zachary arrived at 45 minutes of life. He immediately assessed Michael who was pink and being manually bagged with 100 percent oxygen. The baby's colour meant he had good oxygenation. He recorded a heart rate of 160, which he considered neither bradycardic nor tachycardic. Dr. Zachary removed the breathing tube at 1 hour of life. Michael was pink and breathing regularly. No further artificial breathing was provided.
125 Dr. Provatopoulos was applauded for his management
of the resuscitation.
127 Dr. Buss continued his examination because of the subtle paleness. He was considering the possibility of anemia. He confirmed equal air-entry in both lungs, normal heart sounds, and the heart rate varying from 140 to 180. He detected no abnormality of the anterior fontanel and no irregularity of the windpipe or abdomen. The femoral pulses in the groin were normal. Michael was being provided oxygenation and had good perfusion. No evidence existed as to circulatory collapse.
134
At delivery, the cord was found to be tightly around Michael's neck. Dr. Wong was unable to slip
the cord over Michael's
head to deliver him and so he immediately clamped and cut the cord prior to delivery
. Michael was, however, allegedly born
with a normal, healthy brain.
135 Dr. Wong was aware that early cutting of the umbilical cord could
have detrimental effects on the baby.
Dr.
Buss, however, was not aware that early cord clamping could result in a depressed neonate.
He did not possess this
knowledge despite the fact that such was taught in the textbook he relied on as part of his training
in the
resuscitation of newborns, namely R.D. Miller, ed., Anesthesia, 2nd ed. (New York:
Churchill Livingstone, 1986)
.
According to this text:
The larger the placental volume, the smaller the neonate's blood volume. Early
cord clamping can
deprive the neonate of up to
30 ml. of blood per kg. of body weight.
If the neonate is flaccid, pale, limp, and/or cyanotic, the umbilical cord should be clamped and cut and the neonate handed off to be resuscitated. Remember, the neonate probably is hypovolemic since the umbilical cord was clamped early (p. 1737).
Dr. Wong agreed that once an umbilical cord is clamped, no blood can be transported from the placenta to the fetus. Thus, the timing of the clamping of the cord has a direct effect on the amount of blood that will be in the body within the first few minutes after it is born. Dr. Wong testified that he quickly cut the cord to deliver Michael . Dr. Provatopoulos stated that Dr. Wong clamped the cord and delivered the baby quickly within ten seconds, well before the initial, one fourth of the placental transfusion, that would otherwise have been received by Michael, could take place.
136 Counsel's argument is supported by the following medical evidence. According to Dr. Macnab,
... when the baby is entangled in the umbilical cord, the obstetrician has to cut the cord in
order to deliver the infant and this
prevents the baby having the normal transfusion of blood which occurs from the placenta through the
cord as the baby is held
below the mother after delivery. This means that the normal transfusion effect to give haemoglobin
from the placenta to the baby
can't occur.
It is well recognized, submit the plaintiffs, that these cord problems can contribute to hypovolemia, or lack of circulating volume.
137 Following Dr. Zachary's arrival, 45 minutes after Michael was born,
a complete blood count was done and Michael's
hemoglobin was found to be 93.
A hemoglobin of 93 is considered "quite anemic."
Normal hemoglobin is 160-180
Dr. Macnab calculated the blood loss in Michael, in accordance with this hemoglobin count, to be an approximately 50 percent blood loss. Dr. Perlman, an expert in neonatology, called by the plaintiffs, was of the same opinion.
138 This argument is also supported by Dr. Gagnon, defense expert, who
stated:
The fact that the baby was anemic at the time of the delivery suggested
that the
baby had lost half of its blood volume
sometime before delivery. To have a hemoglobin of 90 or 93 in a newborn baby, which normally is
about 160 to 175,
the baby
had to lose probably 40 to 50 percent of its blood volume
.
WHERE DID THE CHILD'S PLACENTA BLOOD GO? WAS THE PLACENTA DRAINED BY THE LAB
OR BY THE
DOCTOR?
Dr. Boulton, for the defense, agreed that the fact that Michael was anemic at birth means that he had
lost hemoglobin or red
blood cells at some point.
139 It is argued that the blood loss in Michael's case
could not be attributed to a fetal-fetal transfusion since there was no twin
.
Feto-
maternal hemorrhage was ruled out
by the negative Kleihauer-Betke test result. It is important to note that the order for
this
test demonstrated that Dr. Provatopoulos was aware of the blood loss and that he attempted to determine
whether any
fetal cells
were present in Theresa's blood
which would confirm a fetal maternal hemorrhage had occurred. The results of that test
were
negative and ruled out this suspicion. The possibility of a blood loss into the amniotic
fluid is unsupported by any
evidence. The nursing chart established that the amniotic fluid was clear with no bloody
show. The
possibility of a
bleed behind the placenta or the presence of a concealed abruption is also not supported by the evidence
. The possibility that
this was not a blood loss, but rather the result of a
hemolytic process,
is negated by Dr. Zachary. He performed a test for
nucleated red blood cells with results that were normal
.
140
The blood had to go somewhere, though.
The plaintiffs argue that, by process of elimination, the only place it
could have gone was within the placenta.
SHOCK AT ONLY 20 PERCENT BLOOD DEPRIVATION/LOSS:
144 In another authoritative textbook on hematology, namely D. Nathan and F. Oski, eds., Hematology of Infancy and Childhood, 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1987), Dr. Oski states at page 30:
In general an acute loss of 20 percent
of the blood volume is sufficient to produce signs of shock and will be
reflected in a fall in hemoglobin levels within three hours of the event.
Dr. Boulton and Dr. Solimano refused to accept that
a blood loss of 20 percent would cause hypovolemic shock.
Dr. Flodmark posits that the CT scan is consistent with
a hypoxic ischemic injury that happened less than 24 hours before
the CT scan was performed at 19 hours of age.
157 Dr. Barnes, for the defense, explained his conclusion that Michael's
type of injury is characteristically related to
hypoxia/hypofusion
:
... the partial prolonged hypoxic ischemic injury subtype is part of the
widely accepted and used classifications of hypoxic
ischemic injury. It refers to...one or more episodes of hypoxemia, meaning blood going to the
brain or hypo perfusion, meaning
even though there was
adequate oxygen in the blood
,
the blood flow may be inadequate to the brain to get it there
.
158 Dr. Macnab's opinion as to the direct cause of Michael's hypoxic ischemic
brain injury was this:
I'm quite certain that
this was due to a reduced ability in Michael's situation for him to carry oxygen to the brain. Although
he was being given oxygen,
he did not have sufficient blood pressure for that blood to flow through the brain to carry oxygen to
brain tissue
and to remove the waste products from the brain that would have developed in the form of acids and other
waste
products while he was waiting for the transfusion of volume which returned his brain blood flow to normal.
This limited flow through the
brain occurred as a consequence of his low blood pressure and the low blood
pressure is associated with anemia, and anemia under these circumstance [sic], where we have
no clinically obvious
bleeding, is likely due to failure of the placenta to be able to transfuse Michael at the time of birth
because the cord had to be
divided in order for him to be delivered, compounded, in addition, by the fact that the cord was around
his neck and there is a
well-recognized situation where there is cord compromise during delivery, that blood loss can
occur from the infant back to
the placenta.
Dr. Perlman was of the opinion
that if Michael's condition had been recognized and treated properly, he would be a
healthy normal child today
. Dr. Smith was of the opinion that "there is no question that the damage suffered by this
infant was
contributed to in a major way by the failure to
provide prompt and effective resuscitation
." Dr. Bernstein testified that he believed
Michael
was born with a healthy brain but did not get enough blood and oxygen to his brain for a time shortly
after
birth
. This is why Michael's brain damage occurred.
159 Finally, the plaintiffs' argue that the consequence of repeated cord
compressions, tight nuchal cord, and immediate
clamping of the umbilical cord resulted in a substantial percentage of the baby's blood volume
(in the order of 40 - 50 percent)
being trapped in the placenta.
This resulted in the reduction of hemoglobin, anemia, and inadequate blood volume
(hypovolemia).
The low blood volume was not diagnosed or treated
in a timely or appropriate manner by doctors Wong, Provatopoulos, or
Buss. An undetected and uncorrected hypovolemia, with associated inadequate oxygenation and perfusion
of Michael's brain,
resulted in his brain sustaining
hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (i.e., brain damage due to inadequate blood
circulation to and oxygenation of the brain).
CAUSATION:
197 In addition, the Supreme Court of Canada recently reiterated the Canadian
position on the law of causation and damages
in Athey v. Leonati, supra. It is as follows:
* Causation is established where the plaintiffs proves to the civil standard
on a balance of probabilities that the defendant
caused or contributed to the injury (p. 119).
* The "but for" test is unworkable in some circumstances, so the courts have recognized that causation is established where the defendant's negligence "materially contributed" to the occurrence of the injury ... A contributing factor is material if it falls outside the de minimus range ... (p. 120).
* The causation test is not to be applied too rigidly. Causation need not be determined by scientific precision ... Although the burden of proof remains with the plaintiff, in some circumstances an inference of causation may be drawn from the evidence without positive scientific proof (p. 120).
* It is not now necessary, nor has it ever been, for the plaintiff to establish that the defendant's negligence was the sole cause of the injury. There will frequently be a myriad of other background events which were necessary preconditions to the injury occurring ... As long as a defendant is part of the cause of an injury, the defendant is liable, even though his act alone was not enough to create the injury. There is no basis for a reduction of liability because of the existence of other preconditions: defendants remain liable for all injuries caused or contributed to by their negligence (p. 120).
* This proposition has long been established in the jurisprudence. Lord Reid stated in McGhee v. National Coal Board, supra, at 1010:
It has always been the law that a pursuer succeeds if he can shew [sic] that fault of the defender caused or materially contributed to his injury. There may have been two separate causes but it is enough if one of the causes arose from fault of the defender . The pursuer does not have to prove that this cause would of itself have been enough to cause him injury.
The law does not excuse a defendant from l iability merely because other causal factors for which he is not responsible also helped produce the harm ... It is sufficient if the defendant's negligence was a cause of the harm (pp. 120-1).
219 Dr. Wong testified that, if he had known that cord compression could result in hypovolemia, he would have told Dr. Provatopoulos to check for such in light of the pallor of the baby. He also would have told Dr. Provatopoulos to draw blood from the placenta and give it to Michael to relieve hypovolemia. This is the approach that Dr. Bernstein believes ought to have been followed. Both the 1989 Creasy and Resnik textbook, supra, and the 1985 Shepherd article, supra, stated that cord compressions may effect fetal blood loss and cause hypovolemia. The court finds that Dr. Wong fell below the standard of care in failing to be informed of the consequences of cord compression, tight nuchal cord, and early clamping of the umbilical cord. As an obstetrician undertaking to deliver babies, and under a duty of care to oversee their birth, Dr. Wong was obligated to have the necessary knowledge, skill, training and ability to fulfil that duty .
222 It is submitted that Dr. Wong l acked the skill and knowledge regarding resuscitating a depressed newborn . Dr. Wong gave no guidance to Dr. Provatopoulos. He testified that he thought the baby was doing fine. The plaintiffs maintain that Dr. Wong was negligent and failed in his duty to Michael to apply appropriate knowledge, skill, and ability in a timely manner to resuscitate Michael.
223 In my view, a rather robotic approach to Michael Chow's birth was
taken i.e., Dr. Wong, in spite of signs to the contrary,
was confident that he was delivering a healthy baby. He closed his mind to obvious signs that
all was not well. He delivered
Michael Chow, whom he considered to be healthy, and, then, abdicated his continued responsibility to
Dr. Provatopoulos, who by
any reasonable standards was relatively inexperienced. In my view, signs were present for Dr.
Wong to have had doctors
Provatopoulos, Buss and Zachary in the delivery room at the moment of birth.
D) Summary of Liability
235 In essence, my biggest criticism of Michael Chow's delivery was the
lack of adequate personnel present at birth,
especially in light of Michael's prematurity and the fetal heart rate monitor tracing showing fetal
stress and maybe distress. I
believe Dr. Zachary's attendance at the birth would have helped limit Michael's injuries. For
this I rely on the evidence of doctors
Smith, Bernstein and Macnab, as noted above.
. I assess Dr. Wong's negligence at 75 percent and Dr. Provatopoulos' at 25 percent.
246 Summing up, both Dr. Wong and Dr. Provatopoulos failed to meet the
appropriate standard of care with respect to the
birth and resuscitation of Michael Chow. This failure caused, or at the very least substantially
contributed to, Michael Chow's
brain damage and subsequent gross impairment of motor abilities.
VII. PECUNIARY GENERAL DAMAGES
a) Personal Support Services
247 One area of contention between the plaintiffs and the defendants with
respect to damages is the cost of attendant care for
Michael Chow and his present and future support service requirements.
248 At the time of trial, Michael was almost six and a half years old. His parents, both dentists and self-employed, were
divorced and Michael lived primarily with his mother, spending every other weekend with his father.
Michael's father remarried
and now has two other children through his new family. Theresa Chow continues to work full-time
in order to support herself and
her share of Michael's expenses. Michael is cared by his parents, as well as a live-in nanny who
is available five days a week
with weekends off. Although Theresa and David Chow's marriage did not survive the tragic circumstances
of their son's birth,
they have cooperated with each other in the support and raising of Michael.
249 Due to his injuries, Michael requires constant attention and supervision
throughout the day, as well as stimulation and
feeding. Michael requires appropriate help when visiting his father. In addition, Michael's
mother continues to look after him
every other weekend on her own. This is both physically and emotionally demanding as she lives alone. Michael can not be left
alone at night because he is unable to solicit help.
250 Michael started kindergarten in September 1996. Michael has been eligible
to attend school on a full-time basis since
1997 and he may continue to do so until he is at least 18 years of age. According to the defendants,
Michael may continue to
remain in school until he is 21 years of age
______________________________
I wonder how the blood in the placenta could have disappeared? What were the policies of
the hospital in placenta blood going
to drug companies and research and the blood in it going for stem cell research? Those questions
were not dealt with by a
criminal court or by the civil court, while the child was compensated for injuries. I am sure
the child would trade the money for
good health.
First found evidence of placenta (implied also contents if the blood is trapped in them by immediate
cord clamping), is "sold" to
research and drug companies:
Reproduction,The Cycle of Life, p 98:
". . .Once the head and shoulders have emerged the rest of the birth proceeds rapidly. The baby's body is finally free of its nine-month-long home. The pearly blue umbilical cord still links child to womb, sending him blood from the placenta. The doctor will wait until the cord has stopped pulsating before clamping it above the baby's abdomen and severing it ." (See below what they do with the placentas).
This Reproduction book, a rarity of truth, and likely to have all its school
copies destroyed, states what the Hospitals do with
the placenta, below. Logically, if the placenta is full of stem cell blood, it is likely
the placenta is drained at the hospital's labs;
then the blood from the placenta is sent to stem cell blood banks. The baby has been wrongfully
deprived of the blood full of
nutrients, enzymes, hormones, proteins, and likely iron reserves, causing the baby to be anemic and
this is caused by blood
deprivation of up to 50 percent total blood volume. This blood, legally, ought to have been
allowed to be in the infant/owner. To
quote:
P 98, "After the placenta is delivered, the doctor
will examine it to make sure it is intact. It is then discarded
or sold to
companies for use in research or beauty products
."
Reproduction, The Cycle of Life, by Karen Jensen and the
Editors of U.S. News Books, page 98. ISBN 0-89193-606-8,
ISBN 0-89193-666-1 (school ed.) The Middle School has used these books since 1983.
(NOTE: A private letter to the author of www.lotusbirth.com from
the College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia,
Canada, correctly stated no babies are being harmed or endangered because "all" doctors waited
until all pulsation in the
umbilical cord ceased before clamping/cutting. Yet, in Policy #71, December 1998 and
in Policy #89, May 2000, all doctors
were being encouraged into a new trend of early clamping (30-second or less) or immediate clamping
directed by the Society
of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada, (SOGC).
SOGC, when letters were written them, of concern and the illogic of the policies,
were unwilling to change their policies. No
doctor from Canada, of past training or of ethical back bone, complained about those policies, nor did
any midwife invited to join
their association. In my opinion the SOGC were being criminally negligent as to influencing
others with this policy, and allowing
the doctors to be licensed under this misdirection, in every Province and Territory in Canada. This
is even though the average to
large babies survive the assault. The baby is needlessly weakened, and some may die.
_____________________________________________________________
Chow (Litigation guardian of) v. Wellesley Hospital
Between
Michael Chow, a minor, by his litigation guardian, Theresa
Chow, and the said Theresa Chow personally, David Chow,
Elizabeth Tam, Danny Chow and Bonnie Chow, plaintiffs, and
The Wellesley Hospital, Dr. John Provatopoulos, Dr. Jeremy
Wong, Dr. Michael Buss, Nadira Kanhai, Donna Gallacher and
Margaret Wilson, defendants
[1999] O.J. No. 279
DRS 99-03087
Court File No. 92-CQ-017535
Ontario Court of Justice (General Division)
Toronto, Ontario
Lissaman J.
Heard: September 9, 1997 to September 3, 1998.
Judgment: February 12, 1999.
(154 pp.)
___________________________________________
Action by an infant against two doctors for damages for personal injuries suffered during birth. Chow went to hospital in premature labour. Her obstetrician, Wong, attended to her. The fetus had a slow heart beat and variable decelerations indicative of interference with fetal oxygenation. Wong and a second year resident, Provatopoulos, prepared to deliver the baby. As the child's head emerged, Wong saw that the umbilical cord was wrapped around the child's neck. Wong clamped and cut the cord. The child was pale, limp and gasping. Provatopoulos began resuscitation the child, while Wong delivered the placenta. When the child was 8 minutes old, Zachary, a neonatologist skilled in resuscitation, was called. Zachary revived the child. The child was ultimately diagnosed with hypoxic brain damage. He was blind and mute, a quadriplegic, and had cerebral palsy. He required constant care and supervision. The child brought an action for damages against Wong and Provatopoulos. Prior to trial, proceedings were discontinued against the Hospital and three nurses involved in the birth.
HELD: Action allowed. Chow was awarded general damages of $261,000,
future attendant care damages of 3,169,894, and
damages for future lost income. As the principal obstetrician, Wong had a duty to properly assess
possible problems arising out
of the birth. Wong was negligent in not calling Zachary to attend the delivery when faced with
risks including prematurity and fetal
distress. He was also negligent in failing to draw a blood sample from the umbilical cord, and
in relying on Provatopoulos as the
attending doctor following the delivery of the child. Provatopoulos was negligent in failing to
take action in the face of
demonstrated fetal distress in a pre-term emergency. The doctors failed to meet the standard of
care, and their failure largely
contributed to the child's injuries. Wong's negligence was assessed at 75 percent, and Provatopoulos's
at 25 percent. The
parents were not entitled to an award for future care to be provided to the child. The parents
had an obligation to care for the
child, and the cost of doing so was reflected in the award for future attendant care.
Statutes, Regulations and Rules Cited:
Family Law Reform Act.
Ontario Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 53.09.
Counsel:
R. Sommers, Q.C. and R. Roth, for the plaintiffs.
B. Tait, Q.C., S. Fraser and J. Langford, for the defendants.
Glossary:
5 Before proceeding any further with these reasons, I would like to provide a glossary of terms used often throughout the trial and this judgment:
(a) ANEMIA - Any condition in which the number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin,
and the volume of packed red
cells are less than normal; clinically, generally pertaining to the concentration of oxygen-transporting
material in a designated
volume of blood. Frequently manifested by pallor of skin and mucous membranes, shortness of breath,
palpitations of the heart,
lethargy.
(b) ASPHYXIA - Impaired or absent exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide on a ventilatory basis; combined hypercapnia and hypoxia or anoxia.
(c) BRADYCARDIA - Slowness of the heartbeat. Mild fetal bradycardia: a fetal heart rate less than 120 bpm. Marked fetal bradycardia: a fetal heart rate less than 100 bpm.
(d) CEREBRAL PALSY - A non-progressive syndrome process involving the musculo-skeletal system and specifically affected motor power and balance thought to be due to insult to the developing brain during pregnancy, at the time of birth, or shortly thereafter.
(e) DECELERATION, VARIABLE - Transient fetal bradycardia usually denoting compression of the umbilical cord which may occur at any time in relation to a uterine contraction.
(f) EDEMA - Excessive accumulation of fluid in the body tissues.
(g) ENCEPHALOPATHY - Any disorder of the brain.
(h) HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY - Brain damage due to lack of oxygen and blood flowing to the brain.
(i) HYPOVOLEMIA - A decreased amount of blood in the body .
(j) HYPOXIA - Decrease below normal levels of oxygen in inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissue, short of anoxia. Anemic hypoxia: resulting from a decreased concentration of functional hemoglobin or a reduced number of erythrocytes; it is caused by hemorrhage or anemia of various types or by poisoning.
(k) ISCHEMIA - An inadequate flow of blood to a part of the body caused by constriction or blockage of the blood vessels supplying it oxygenated blood fails to reach tissue due to hypotension, arterial obstruction.
(l) NUCHAL CORD - Umbilical cord around the neck.
(m) OXYTOCIN - A hormone that causes contractions - used for the induction or stimulation of labor, in the management of postpartum hemorrhage and atony.
(n) RINGER'S LACTATE - Injection/infusion solution.
(o) STAT - At once.
(p) TACHYCARDIA - Rapid beating of the heart.
(q) TACHYPNEA - Rapid breathing.
(r) VARIABILITY - The beat to beat changes in fetal heart rate as recorded on a graph.
__________________
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http://www.123-baby-birth.com)
Search at Google this web site for the " No Policies " on equal
protection to babies at from the various government officials who appointed representatives to protect
the public on medical
policies and practices; also the "No policies" of the various medical associations, societies,
and colleges did not live up to no
form of discrimination to women or the child of any kind. It is believed they had a duty to have
a policy of equal protection and
security of person, regardless of: age, mental or physical disadvantages ; race, color, social
or marital status of the pregnant
lady ; or belief or faith of the family, or genetic type of blood sought for by medical researchers,
for stem cell matching, and use of
white cells, mature red cells, platelets, enzymes, hormones, and plasma.
contact:
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